Chapter 5 Flashcards
Four stages according to Piaget
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete
operational, and formal operational
schemes
organized patterns of functioning
that adapt and change with
mental
development
assimilation
the process by which people
understand an experience in terms
of their current stage of cognitive
development and way of thinking
accommodation
changes in existing ways of thinking
that occur in response to
encounters with new stimuli or
events
sensorimotor stage (of cognitive
development)
Piaget’s initial major stage of cognitive
development, which can be
broken down into six substages
Substage 1: Simple reflexes
During this period, the various reflexes that determine
the infant’s interactions with the world are at the center
of its cognitive life.
Substage 2: First habits
and primary circular
reactions
At this age, infants begin to coordinate what were
separate actions into single, integrated activities
Substage 3: Secondary
circular reactions
During this period, infants take major strides in shifting
their cognitive horizons beyond themselves and begin
to act on the outside world
Substage 4: Coordination
of secondary circular
reactions
In this stage, infants begin to use more calculated
approaches to producing events, coordinating several
schemes to generate a single act. They achieve object
performance during this stage.
Substage 5: Tertiary
circular reactions
At this age, infants develop what Piaget regards as
the deliberate variation of actions that bring desirable
consequences. Rather than just repeating enjoyable
activities, infants appear to carry out miniature
experiments to observe the consequences.
Substage 6: Beginnings
of thought
The major achievement of Substage 6 is the capacity
for mental representation, or symbolic thought. Piaget
argued that only at this stage can infants imagine
where objects that they cannot see might be.
Primary circular reactions
are schemes reflecting an infant’s repetition of interesting or enjoyable actions that focus on the infant’s own body, just for the enjoyment of doing
them.
Secondary circular reactions
are schemes regarding repeated actions that bring about
a desirable consequence
goal-directed behavior
in which several schemes are combined and coordinated
to generate a single act to solve a problem
object permanence
the realization that people and
objects exist even when they
cannot
be seen
mental representation
an internal image of a past event
or object
deferred imitation
an act in which a person who is
no longer present is imitated by
children who have witnessed a
similar act
information processing approaches
the model that seeks to identify
the way that individuals take in,
use, and store information
three aspects of information retrieval
encoding, storage, and retrieval
Encoding
is the process by which
information is initially recorded in a form usable to memory
Storage
refers to
the placement of material into memory
Retrieval
is the process by which material in memory
storage is located, brought into awareness, and used.
Automatization
is the degree to which an
activity requires attention
concepts
categorizations of objects, events, or people that share
common properties.
memory
the process by which information
is initially recorded, stored, and
retrieved
infantile amnesia
the lack of memory for experiences
that occurred prior to three
years of age
Explicit memory
is memory that is conscious and can be recalled intentionally
implicit memory
consists of memories of which we are not consciously aware but that
affect performance and behavior
developmental quotient
An overall developmental score
that relates to performance in four
domains: motor skills, language
use, adaptive behavior, and
personal–social
Bayley Scales of Infant
Development
a measure that evaluates an
infant’s development from 2 to 42
months in two areas: mental and
motor abilities
Visual-recognition memory
measurement
Measures of visual-recognition memory, the memory and recognition of a stimulus
that has been previously seen, also relate to intelligence. The more quickly an
infant can retrieve a representation of a stimulus from memory, the more efficient,
presumably, is that infant’s information processing
visual-recognition memory
the memory and recognition of
a stimulus that has been previously seen, also relate to IQ. The more quickly an infant
can retrieve a representation of a stimulus from memory, the more efficient, presumably,
is that infant’s information processing
language
the systematic, meaningful
arrangement of symbols,
which provides the basis for
communication
Phonology
basic sounds of language, called phonemes, that
can be combined to produce words and sentences
Morphemes
the smallest language unit that has meaning
Semantics
the rules that govern the meaning of words and
sentences.
Prelinguistic communication
communication through sounds, facial expressions,
gestures, imitation, and other nonlinguistic means
babbling
making speech-like but meaningless
sounds
holophrases
one-word utterances that stand for
a whole phrase, whose meaning
depends on the particular context
in which they are used
telegraphic speech
speech in which words not critical
to the message are left out
underextension
the overly restrictive use of words;
common among children just
mastering spoken language
overextension
the overly broad use of words,
overgeneralizing their meaning
referential style
a style of language use in which
language is used primarily to label
objects
expressive style
a style of language use in which
language is used primarily to
express feelings and needs about
oneself and others
learning theory approach to
language
the theory that language
acquisition follows the basic laws
of reinforcement and conditioning
nativist approach to language
the theory that a genetically determined,
innate mechanism directs
language development
universal grammar
Noam Chomsky’s theory that all
the world’s languages share a similar
underlying structure
language-acquisition device (LAD)
a neural system of the brain
hypothesized to permit understanding
of language
interactionist approach to
language
the perspective that suggests that
language development is produced
through a combination of genetically
determined predispositions
and environmental circumstances
that help teach language
infant-directed speech
a type of speech directed toward
infants; characterized by short,
simple sentences
