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sscpsych302 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

psychosocial development

A

according to Erikson, development
that encompasses changes
both in the understanding
individuals have of themselves as
members of society and in their
comprehension of the meaning of
others’ behavior

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2
Q

initiative-versus-guilt stage

A

according to Erikson, the period
during which children aged three
and six years experience conflict
between independence of action
and the sometimes negative
results of that action

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3
Q

self-concept

A

a person’s identity, or set of beliefs
about what one is like as an
individual

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4
Q

collectivistic orientation

A

a philosophy that promotes the
notion of interdependence

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5
Q

individualistic orientation

A

a philosophy that emphasizes
personal identity and the
uniqueness of the individual

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6
Q

race dissonance

A

the phenomenon in which
minority children indicate
preferences for majority values or
people

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7
Q

Oedipal conflict

A

occurs
at around the age of five, when the anatomical differences between males and females
become particularly evident. Boys begin to develop sexual interests in their mothers,
viewing their fathers as rivals

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8
Q

identification

A

the process in which children
attempt to be similar to their
same-sex parent, incorporating the
parent’s attitudes and values

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9
Q

gender identity

A

the perception of oneself as male
or female

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10
Q

gender schema

A

a cognitive framework that
organizes information relevant to
gender

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11
Q

gender constancy

A

the belief that people are
permanently males or females,
depending on fixed, unchangeable
biological factors

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12
Q

androgynous

A

a state in which gender roles
encompass characteristics thought
typical of both sexes

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13
Q

Approaches to gender development

A

biological

psychoanalytical

social learning

cognitive

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14
Q

biological (gender development)

A

Our ancestors who behaved in ways that are now
stereotypically feminine or masculine may have been more
successful in reproducing. Brain differences may lead to
gender differences.

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15
Q

Psychoanalytical (gender development)

A

Gender development is the result of identification with the
same-sex parent, achieved by moving through a series of
stages related to biological urges

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16
Q

social learning (gender development)

A

Children learn gender-related behavior and expectations from
their observation of others’ behavior.

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17
Q

cognitive (gender development)

A

Through the use of gender schemas, developed early in life,
preschoolers form a lens through which they view the world. They
use their increasing cognitive abilities to develop “rules” about
what is appropriate for males and females.

18
Q

functional play

A

play that involves simple,
repetitive activities typical of
three-year-olds

19
Q

constructive play

A

play in which children manipulate
objects to produce or build
something

20
Q

parallel play

A

action in which children play with
similar toys, in a similar manner,
but do not interact with each other

21
Q

onlooker play

A

action in which children simply
watch others at play, but do not
actually participate themselves

22
Q

associative play

A

play in which two or more children
actually interact with one another
by sharing or borrowing toys or
materials, although they do not do
the same thing

23
Q

cooperative play

A

play in which children genuinely
interact with one another, taking
turns, playing games, or devising
contests

24
Q

theory of mind

A

knowledge and beliefs about how the mind operates

25
Q

authoritarian parents

A

parents who are controlling,
punitive, rigid, and cold, and
whose word is law

26
Q

permissive parents

A

parents who provide lax and
inconsistent feedback and require
little of their children

27
Q

authoritative parents

A

parents who are firm, setting clear
and consistent limits, but who
try to reason with their children,
giving explanations for why they
should behave in a particular way

28
Q

uninvolved parents

A

parents who show almost no
interest in their children and
indifferent, rejecting behavior

29
Q

cycle of violence hypothesis

A

the theory that the abuse and
neglect that children suffer
predispose them as adults to abuse
and neglect their own children

30
Q

psychological maltreatment

A

abuse that occurs when parents or
other caregivers harm children’s
behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or
physical functioning

31
Q

resilience

A

the ability to overcome
circumstances that place a child
at high risk for psychological or
physical damage

32
Q

moral development

A

the changes in people’s sense of
justice and of what is right and
wrong, and in their behavior
related to moral issues

33
Q

heteronomous morality

A

The earliest stage of moral development, it is a broad form of moral thinking. Here rules are seen as invariant and unchangeable. This stage lasts from age 4 to age 7. When children play a game they assume there is one lone way to play it and every other way is wrong.

34
Q

incipient cooperation stage

A

The second stage of moral development. Lasts from age 7 to age 10. They learn the actual formal rules and play according to this shared knowledge. Rules are still seen as largely unchangeable.

35
Q

autonomous cooperation stage

A

The third stage in moral development, it starts at age 10. Children are now aware that formal game rules can be modified if all people playing agree.

36
Q

prosocial behavior

A

helping behavior that benefits
others

37
Q

abstract modeling

A

the process in which modeling
paves the way for the development
of more general rules and
principles

38
Q

empathy

A

the understanding of what another
individual feels

39
Q

aggression

A

intentional injury or harm to
another person

40
Q

emotional self-regulation

A

the capability to adjust emotions
to a desired state and level of
intensity

41
Q

instrumental aggression

A

aggression motivated by the desire
to obtain a concrete goal

42
Q

relational aggression

A

nonphysical aggression that is
intended to hurt another person’s
feelings

sscpsych302 (20 decks)

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