Chapter 8 Flashcards
psychosocial development
according to Erikson, development
that encompasses changes
both in the understanding
individuals have of themselves as
members of society and in their
comprehension of the meaning of
others’ behavior
initiative-versus-guilt stage
according to Erikson, the period
during which children aged three
and six years experience conflict
between independence of action
and the sometimes negative
results of that action
self-concept
a person’s identity, or set of beliefs
about what one is like as an
individual
collectivistic orientation
a philosophy that promotes the
notion of interdependence
individualistic orientation
a philosophy that emphasizes
personal identity and the
uniqueness of the individual
race dissonance
the phenomenon in which
minority children indicate
preferences for majority values or
people
Oedipal conflict
occurs
at around the age of five, when the anatomical differences between males and females
become particularly evident. Boys begin to develop sexual interests in their mothers,
viewing their fathers as rivals
identification
the process in which children
attempt to be similar to their
same-sex parent, incorporating the
parent’s attitudes and values
gender identity
the perception of oneself as male
or female
gender schema
a cognitive framework that
organizes information relevant to
gender
gender constancy
the belief that people are
permanently males or females,
depending on fixed, unchangeable
biological factors
androgynous
a state in which gender roles
encompass characteristics thought
typical of both sexes
Approaches to gender development
biological
psychoanalytical
social learning
cognitive
biological (gender development)
Our ancestors who behaved in ways that are now
stereotypically feminine or masculine may have been more
successful in reproducing. Brain differences may lead to
gender differences.
Psychoanalytical (gender development)
Gender development is the result of identification with the
same-sex parent, achieved by moving through a series of
stages related to biological urges
social learning (gender development)
Children learn gender-related behavior and expectations from
their observation of others’ behavior.
cognitive (gender development)
Through the use of gender schemas, developed early in life,
preschoolers form a lens through which they view the world. They
use their increasing cognitive abilities to develop “rules” about
what is appropriate for males and females.
functional play
play that involves simple,
repetitive activities typical of
three-year-olds
constructive play
play in which children manipulate
objects to produce or build
something
parallel play
action in which children play with
similar toys, in a similar manner,
but do not interact with each other
onlooker play
action in which children simply
watch others at play, but do not
actually participate themselves
associative play
play in which two or more children
actually interact with one another
by sharing or borrowing toys or
materials, although they do not do
the same thing
cooperative play
play in which children genuinely
interact with one another, taking
turns, playing games, or devising
contests
theory of mind
knowledge and beliefs about how the mind operates
authoritarian parents
parents who are controlling,
punitive, rigid, and cold, and
whose word is law
permissive parents
parents who provide lax and
inconsistent feedback and require
little of their children
authoritative parents
parents who are firm, setting clear
and consistent limits, but who
try to reason with their children,
giving explanations for why they
should behave in a particular way
uninvolved parents
parents who show almost no
interest in their children and
indifferent, rejecting behavior
cycle of violence hypothesis
the theory that the abuse and
neglect that children suffer
predispose them as adults to abuse
and neglect their own children
psychological maltreatment
abuse that occurs when parents or
other caregivers harm children’s
behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or
physical functioning
resilience
the ability to overcome
circumstances that place a child
at high risk for psychological or
physical damage
moral development
the changes in people’s sense of
justice and of what is right and
wrong, and in their behavior
related to moral issues
heteronomous morality
The earliest stage of moral development, it is a broad form of moral thinking. Here rules are seen as invariant and unchangeable. This stage lasts from age 4 to age 7. When children play a game they assume there is one lone way to play it and every other way is wrong.
incipient cooperation stage
The second stage of moral development. Lasts from age 7 to age 10. They learn the actual formal rules and play according to this shared knowledge. Rules are still seen as largely unchangeable.
autonomous cooperation stage
The third stage in moral development, it starts at age 10. Children are now aware that formal game rules can be modified if all people playing agree.
prosocial behavior
helping behavior that benefits
others
abstract modeling
the process in which modeling
paves the way for the development
of more general rules and
principles
empathy
the understanding of what another
individual feels
aggression
intentional injury or harm to
another person
emotional self-regulation
the capability to adjust emotions
to a desired state and level of
intensity
instrumental aggression
aggression motivated by the desire
to obtain a concrete goal
relational aggression
nonphysical aggression that is
intended to hurt another person’s
feelings
