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SSCPSYCH302 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

cephalocaudal principle

A

the principle that growth follows a
pattern that begins with the head
and upper body parts and then
proceeds down to the rest of the
body

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2
Q

proximodistal principle

A

the principle that development
proceeds from the center of the
body outward

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3
Q

principle of hierarchical
integration

A

the principle that simple skills
typically
develop separately and
independently but are later integrated
into more complex skills

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4
Q

principle of the independence of
systems

A

the principle that different body
systems grow at different rates

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5
Q

neuron

A

the basic nerve cell of the nervous
system

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6
Q

synapse

A

the gap at the connection between
neurons, through which neurons
chemically communicate with one
another

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7
Q

nervous system

A

is composed of
the brain and the nerves that extend throughout the body

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8
Q

synaptic pruning

A

the elimination of neurons
as the result of nonuse or lack of
stimulation

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9
Q

myelin

A

a fatty substance that helps
insulate
neurons and speeds the
transmission of nerve impulses

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10
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the upper layer of the brain

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11
Q

shaken baby syndrome

A

in which an infant is shaken by a caretaker or parent,
usually out of frustration or anger due to a baby’s crying. Shaking can lead the brain to
rotate within the skull, causing blood vessels to tear and destroying the intricate connections
between neurons

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12
Q

plasticity

A

the degree to which a developing
structure or behavior is modifiable
due to experience

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13
Q

sensitive period

A

a specific, but limited, time, usually
early in an organism’s life,
during which the organism is
particularly susceptible to environmental
influences relating to some
particular facet of development

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14
Q

rhythms

A

repetitive, cyclical patterns of
behavior

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15
Q

state

A

the degree of awareness an infant
displays to both internal and
external stimulation

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16
Q

Awake states

A

Alert

Non-alert waking

Fuss

Cry

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17
Q

Alert

A

Attentive or scanning, the infant’s eyes are open, bright, and shining

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18
Q

Non-alert waking

A

Eyes are usually open but dull and unfocused. Varied, but typically
high motor activity.

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

Fuss

A

Fussing is continuous or intermittent, at low levels

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21
Q

cry

A

Intense vocalizations occurring singly or in succession

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22
Q

Transition states between sleep and waking

A

drowse

daze

sleep-wake transition

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23
Q

drowse

A

Infant’s eyes are heavy-lidded but opening and closing slowly. Low
level of motor activity.

24
Q

daze

A

Open but glassy and immobile eyes. State occurs between episodes
of alert and drowse. Low level of activity.

25
Q

sleep wake transition

A

Behaviors of both wakefulness and sleep are evident. Generalized
motor activity; eyes may be closed or they open and close rapidly.
State occurs when baby is awakening.

26
Q

Sleep states

A

active sleep

quiet sleep

27
Q

active sleep

A

Eyes closed; uneven respiration; intermittent rapid eye movements.
Other behaviors: smiles, frowns, grimaces, mouthing, sucking, sighs,
and sigh-sobs.

28
Q

quite sleep

A

Eyes are closed and respiration is slow and regular. Motor activity
limited to occasional startles, sigh-sobs, or rhythmic mouthing.

29
Q

Transitional sleep states

A

active-quite transition sleep

30
Q

active-quite transition sleep

A

During this state, which occurs between periods of active sleep and
quiet sleep, the eyes are closed and there is little motor activity. Infant
shows mixed behavioral signs of active sleep and quiet sleep.

31
Q

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

A

the period of sleep that is found
in older children and adults and is
associated with dreaming

32
Q

sudden infant death syndrome
(SIDS)

A

the unexplained death of a
seemingly
healthy baby

33
Q

reflexes

A

unlearned, organized, involuntary
responses that occur automatically
in the presence of certain stimuli

34
Q

swimming reflex

A

makes a baby who is lying face down in a body of water
paddle and kick in a sort of swimming motion. It disappears at around 4-6 months and its possible function is to avoid danger.

35
Q

eye-blink reflex

A

seems designed to protect the eye from too much
direct light, which might damage the retina

36
Q

Rooting reflex

A

It disappears at about 3 weeks. Neonate’s tendency to turn its head
toward things that touch its cheek. The possible function is food intake

37
Q

Stepping reflex

A

Movement of legs when held upright
with feet touching the floor. It disappears at around 2 months. Its possible function would be to prepare the infant for independent locomotion.

38
Q

Grasping reflex

A

Infant’s fingers close around an
object placed in its hands. It disappears around 5-6 months. Its possible function is to provide support.

39
Q

Moro reflex

A

Activated when support for the neck
and head is suddenly removed.
The arms of the infant are thrust
outward and then appear to grasp
onto something. disappears at around 6 months. It possible function is the protection from falling.

40
Q

Babinski reflex

A

An infant fans out its toes in
response to a stroke on the outside
of its foot. Disappears at around 8-12 months. The possible function is unknown.

41
Q

Startle reflex

A

An infant, in response to a sudden
noise, flings out its arms, arches its
back, and spreads its fingers. Remains in a different form. The function is protection.

42
Q

Sucking reflex

A

Infant’s tendency to suck at things
that touch its lips. This reflex remains and its function is food intake

43
Q

Gag reflex

A

An infant’s reflex to clear its throat. This reflex remains and its function is to prevent choking.

44
Q

Milestones of Motor Development

A

3.2 months - rolling over
3.3 months - grasping rattle
5.9 months - sitting without support
7.2 months - standing while holding on
8.2 months - grasping with thumb and finger
11.5 months - standing alone well
12.3 months - walking well
14.8 months - building tower of two cubes
16.6 months - walking up steps
23.8 months - jumping in place

45
Q

gross motor skills

A

such as sitting or walking

46
Q

fine motor skills

A

coordinating movement of their limbs

47
Q

pincer grasp,

A

where thumb and index finger meet to form a circle

48
Q

dynamic systems theory

A

a theory of how motor skills
develop and are coordinated

49
Q

norm

A

the average performance of a large
sample of children of a given age

50
Q

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral
Assessment Scale (NBAS)

A

a measure designed to determine
infants’ neurological and
behavioral responses to their
environment

51
Q

nonorganic failure to thrive

A

a disorder in which infants stop
growing due to a lack of stimulation
and attention as the result of
inadequate parenting

52
Q

weaning

A

the gradual cessation of breast- or bottle-feeding

53
Q

sensation

A

the physical stimulation of the
sense organs

54
Q

perception

A

the sorting out, interpretation,
analysis, and integration of stimuli
involving the sense organs and
brain

55
Q

binocular vision

A

the ability
to combine the images coming to each eye to see depth and motion, is achieved at
around 14 weeks.

56
Q

multimodal approach
to perception

A

the approach that considers how
information that is collected by
various individual sensory systems
is integrated and coordinated

57
Q

affordances

A

options that a given situation or
stimulus provides

SSCPSYCH302 (20 decks)

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