Chapter 3

Question 1

neonates

Answer 1

the term used for newborns

Question 2

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Answer 2

triggers (for some still unknown reason) the release of various hormones, and the process
that leads to birth begins.

Question 3

first stage of labor

Answer 3

the uterine contractions initially occur
around every 8 to 10 minutes and last about 30 seconds.

Question 4

transition.

Answer 4

the final part of the first stage of labor, the contractions
increase to their greatest
intensity, a period known
as

Question 5

second stage of labor

Answer 5

typically lasts around 90 minutes, the baby’s
head emerges further from the mother with each contraction, increasing the size of the vaginal
opening

Question 6

episiotomy

Answer 6

an incision sometimes made to
increase the size of the opening
of the vagina to allow the baby
to pass

Question 7

third stage of labor

Answer 7

occurs when the child’s umbilical cord (still attached to
the neonate) and the placenta are expelled from the mother. This stage is the quickest
and
easiest, taking just a few minutes.

Question 8

Apgar scale

Answer 8

a standard measurement
system that looks for a variety
of indications of good health in
newborns

A - appearance (colour)
P - pulse (heart rate)
G - grimace (reflex irritability)
A - activity (muscle tone)
R - respiratory (respiratory effect)

Question 9

anoxia

Answer 9

a restriction of oxygen to the baby,
lasting a few minutes during the
birth process, that can produce
brain damage

Question 10

bonding

Answer 10

close physical and emotional
contact between parent and child
during the period immediately
following birth, argued by some to
affect later relationship strength

Question 11

Lamaze birthing techniques

Answer 11

Typically,
mothers-to-be participate in a series of weekly training sessions in which they learn
exercises that help them relax various parts of the body on command. A “coach,”
most typically the father, is trained along with the future mother. The training allows
women to cope with painful contractions by concentrating on their breathing and
producing a relaxation response, rather than by tensing up, which can make the pain
more acute. Women learn to focus on a relaxing stimulus, such as a tranquil scene
in a picture. The goal is to learn how to deal positively with pain and to relax at the
onset of a contraction

Question 12

Bradley method

Answer 12

“husbandcoached
childbirth,” is based on the principle that childbirth should be as natural
as possible and involve no medication or medical interventions. Women are taught
to “tune into” their bodies in order to deal with the pain of childbirth

Question 13

Hypnobirthing

Answer 13

It involves
a form of self-hypnosis during delivery that produces a sense of peace and
calm, thereby reducing pain. The basic concept is to produce a state of focused
concentration
in which a mother relaxes her body while focusing inward.

Question 14

Water Birthing

Answer 14

water birthing
is a
practice in which a woman enters a pool of warm water to give birth. The theory is
that the warmth and buoyancy of the water is soothing, easing the length and pain
of labor and childbirth, and the entry into the world is soothed for the infant, who
moves from the watery environment of the womb to the birthing pool

Question 15

obstetricians

Answer 15

physicians who specialize in delivering babies

Question 16

midwife

Answer 16

a childbirth attendant who stays with the mother throughout labor and delivery

Question 17

doula

Answer 17

trained to provide emotional, physiological, and educational support during birth

Question 18

epidural anastesia

Answer 18

produces numbness from the waist down

Question 19

walking epidural/ dual spinal epidural

Answer 19

a form of anesthesia where smaller needles and a system for administering continuous doses of anesthesis is used

Question 20

preterm infants

Answer 20

infants who are born prior to
38 weeks after conception (also
known as premature infants)

Question 21

low-birthweight infants

Answer 21

infants who weigh less than
2,500 grams (around 5 1/2 pounds)
at birth

Question 22

small-for-gestational-age infants

Answer 22

infants who, because of
delayed fetal growth, weigh 90
percent (or less) of the average
weight of infants of the same
gestational age

Question 23

very-low-birthweight infants

Answer 23

infants who weigh less than 1,250
grams (around 2.25 pounds) or,
regardless of weight, have been in
the womb less than 30 weeks

Question 24

age of viability

Answer 24

the point at which an infant can
survive prematurely, to about 22 weeks—some 4 months earlier than the term of a normal
delivery.

Question 25

Factors Associated with Increased Risk of Low Birthweight

Answer 25

1. demographic risks
2. Medical risks predating pregnancy
3. Medical risks in current pregnancy
4. behavioral and environmental risks
5. health-care risks
6. evolving concepts of risks

Question 26

postmature infants

Answer 26

infants still unborn 2 weeks after
the mother’s due date

Question 27

Cesarean delivery

Answer 27

a birth in which the baby is
surgically removed from the
uterus, rather than traveling
through the birth canal

Question 28

fetal monitor

Answer 28

a device that measures the baby’s
heartbeat during labor

Question 29

breech position

Answer 29

in which the baby is positioned feet
first in the birth canal

Question 30

transverse
position
births

Answer 30

in which the baby lies crosswise in the uterus,
or when the baby’s head is so large it has trouble
moving through the birth canal.

Question 31

stillbirth

Answer 31

the delivery of a child who is not
alive, occurring in 1 delivery in
115 in the United States

Question 32

infant mortality

Answer 32

death within the first year of life

Question 33

Postpartum depression

Answer 33

a period
of
deep depression following the birth of a child, affects some 10 percent of all new mothers. Although it takes several forms, its main symptom is an enduring, deep feeling of sadness
and unhappiness, lasting in some cases for months or even years.

Question 34

Reflexes

Answer 34

unlearned, organized, involuntary
responses that occur automatically
in the presence of certain stimuli

Question 35

The rooting reflex

Answer 35

involves turning in the direction of a source of stimulation

Question 36

classical conditioning

Answer 36

a type of learning in which an
organism responds in a particular
way to a neutral stimulus that
normally does not bring about that
type of response

Question 37

operant conditioning

Answer 37

a form of learning in which a voluntary
response is strengthened
or weakened, depending on its association
with positive or negative
consequences

Question 38

habituation

Answer 38

the decrease in the response to
a stimulus that occurs after repeated
presentations of the same
stimulus

Question 39

orienting response

Answer 39

in which they become quiet, attentive, and experience
a slowed heart rate as they take in the novel stimulus. When the novelty wears off due
to repeated exposure to the stimulus, the infant no longer reacts with this orienting response.

Question 40

states of arousal

Answer 40

different degrees of sleep and
wakefulness through which
newborns cycle, ranging from deep
sleep to great agitation