Chapter 3 Flashcards
neonates
the term used for newborns
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
triggers (for some still unknown reason) the release of various hormones, and the process
that leads to birth begins.
first stage of labor
the uterine contractions initially occur
around every 8 to 10 minutes and last about 30 seconds.
transition.
the final part of the first stage of labor, the contractions
increase to their greatest
intensity, a period known
as
second stage of labor
typically lasts around 90 minutes, the baby’s
head emerges further from the mother with each contraction, increasing the size of the vaginal
opening
episiotomy
an incision sometimes made to
increase the size of the opening
of the vagina to allow the baby
to pass
third stage of labor
occurs when the child’s umbilical cord (still attached to
the neonate) and the placenta are expelled from the mother. This stage is the quickest
and
easiest, taking just a few minutes.
Apgar scale
a standard measurement
system that looks for a variety
of indications of good health in
newborns
A - appearance (colour)
P - pulse (heart rate)
G - grimace (reflex irritability)
A - activity (muscle tone)
R - respiratory (respiratory effect)
anoxia
a restriction of oxygen to the baby,
lasting a few minutes during the
birth process, that can produce
brain damage
bonding
close physical and emotional
contact between parent and child
during the period immediately
following birth, argued by some to
affect later relationship strength
Lamaze birthing techniques
Typically,
mothers-to-be participate in a series of weekly training sessions in which they learn
exercises that help them relax various parts of the body on command. A “coach,”
most typically the father, is trained along with the future mother. The training allows
women to cope with painful contractions by concentrating on their breathing and
producing a relaxation response, rather than by tensing up, which can make the pain
more acute. Women learn to focus on a relaxing stimulus, such as a tranquil scene
in a picture. The goal is to learn how to deal positively with pain and to relax at the
onset of a contraction
Bradley method
“husbandcoached
childbirth,” is based on the principle that childbirth should be as natural
as possible and involve no medication or medical interventions. Women are taught
to “tune into” their bodies in order to deal with the pain of childbirth
Hypnobirthing
It involves
a form of self-hypnosis during delivery that produces a sense of peace and
calm, thereby reducing pain. The basic concept is to produce a state of focused
concentration
in which a mother relaxes her body while focusing inward.
Water Birthing
water birthing
is a
practice in which a woman enters a pool of warm water to give birth. The theory is
that the warmth and buoyancy of the water is soothing, easing the length and pain
of labor and childbirth, and the entry into the world is soothed for the infant, who
moves from the watery environment of the womb to the birthing pool
obstetricians
physicians who specialize in delivering babies
midwife
a childbirth attendant who stays with the mother throughout labor and delivery
doula
trained to provide emotional, physiological, and educational support during birth
epidural anastesia
produces numbness from the waist down
walking epidural/ dual spinal epidural
a form of anesthesia where smaller needles and a system for administering continuous doses of anesthesis is used
preterm infants
infants who are born prior to
38 weeks after conception (also
known as premature infants)
low-birthweight infants
infants who weigh less than
2,500 grams (around 5 1/2 pounds)
at birth
small-for-gestational-age infants
infants who, because of
delayed fetal growth, weigh 90
percent (or less) of the average
weight of infants of the same
gestational age
very-low-birthweight infants
infants who weigh less than 1,250
grams (around 2.25 pounds) or,
regardless of weight, have been in
the womb less than 30 weeks
age of viability
the point at which an infant can
survive prematurely, to about 22 weeks—some 4 months earlier than the term of a normal
delivery.
Factors Associated with Increased Risk of Low Birthweight
- demographic risks
- Medical risks predating pregnancy
- Medical risks in current pregnancy
- behavioral and environmental risks
- health-care risks
- evolving concepts of risks
postmature infants
infants still unborn 2 weeks after
the mother’s due date
Cesarean delivery
a birth in which the baby is
surgically removed from the
uterus, rather than traveling
through the birth canal
fetal monitor
a device that measures the baby’s
heartbeat during labor
breech position
in which the baby is positioned feet
first in the birth canal
transverse
position
births
in which the baby lies crosswise in the uterus,
or when the baby’s head is so large it has trouble
moving through the birth canal.
stillbirth
the delivery of a child who is not
alive, occurring in 1 delivery in
115 in the United States
infant mortality
death within the first year of life
Postpartum depression
a period
of
deep depression following the birth of a child, affects some 10 percent of all new mothers. Although it takes several forms, its main symptom is an enduring, deep feeling of sadness
and unhappiness, lasting in some cases for months or even years.
Reflexes
unlearned, organized, involuntary
responses that occur automatically
in the presence of certain stimuli
The rooting reflex
involves turning in the direction of a source of stimulation
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which an
organism responds in a particular
way to a neutral stimulus that
normally does not bring about that
type of response
operant conditioning
a form of learning in which a voluntary
response is strengthened
or weakened, depending on its association
with positive or negative
consequences
habituation
the decrease in the response to
a stimulus that occurs after repeated
presentations of the same
stimulus
orienting response
in which they become quiet, attentive, and experience
a slowed heart rate as they take in the novel stimulus. When the novelty wears off due
to repeated exposure to the stimulus, the infant no longer reacts with this orienting response.
states of arousal
different degrees of sleep and
wakefulness through which
newborns cycle, ranging from deep
sleep to great agitation
