Chapter 6

Question 1

nonverbal encoding

Answer 1

nonverbal expression of emotion

Question 2

The three components of true emotion

Answer 2

1. biological arousal
2. cognitive component
3. behavioural component

Question 3

social smile

Answer 3

smiling in response to other individuals

Question 4

stranger anxiety

Answer 4

The caution and wariness
displayed by infants when
encountering an unfamiliar
person.

This starts developing by the end of the first year.

Question 5

separation anxiety

Answer 5

The distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider
departs.

Starts developing around month 7 and 8.

Question 6

social referencing

Answer 6

the intentional search for information
about others’ feelings to help
explain the meaning of uncertain
circumstances and events.

Starts occurring around 8 or 9 months.

Question 7

self awareness

Answer 7

knowledge of oneself.
begins to grow around month 12.

Question 8

theory of mind

Answer 8

knowledge and beliefs about how
the mind works and how it affects
behavior

Question 9

compliant agents

Answer 9

They learn
to see other people as compliant agents, beings similar to themselves who behave under
their own power and who have the capacity to respond to infants’ requests

Question 10

empathy

Answer 10

an emotional response that
corresponds to the feelings of
another person.

They begin to demonstrate the rudiments of empathy around the age of 2.

Question 11

Ainsworth strange situation

Answer 11

a sequence of staged episodes
that illustrates the strength of
attachment between a child and
(typically) his or her mother

Question 12

secure attachment pattern

Answer 12

a style of attachment in which
children use the mother as a kind
of home base and are at ease when
she is present; when she leaves,
they become upset and go to her
as soon as she returns

Question 13

avoidant attachment pattern

Answer 13

a style of attachment in which
children do not seek proximity to
the mother; after the mother has
left, they seem to avoid her when
she returns as if they are angered
by her behavior

Question 14

What is Bowlby’s view on attachment?

Answer 14

Attachment is based primarily on infants’ needs for safety and security, their generally determined motivation to avoid pradetors.

Question 15

The eight-step pattern of the “strange-situation”

Answer 15

(1) The mother and baby
enter an unfamiliar room;
(2) the mother sits down, leaving the baby free to explore;
(3) an adult stranger enters the room and converses first with the mother and then with the baby;
(4) the mother exits the room, leaving the baby alone with
the stranger;
(5) the mother returns, greeting and comforting
the baby, and the stranger leaves;
(6) the mother departs
again, leaving the baby alone;
(7) the stranger returns; and
(8) the mother returns and the stranger leaves

Question 16

ambivalent attachment pattern

Answer 16

a style of attachment in which
children display a combination of
positive and negative reactions to
their mothers; they show great distress
when the mother leaves, but
upon her return they may simultaneously
seek close contact but also
hit and kick her

Question 17

disorganized- disoriented attachment pattern

Answer 17

a style of attachment in which children
show inconsistent, often contradictory
behavior, such as approaching
the mother when she returns but not
looking at her; they may be the least
securely attached children of all

Question 18

relative attachment disorder

Answer 18

When the development of attachment has been severely disrupted a relative attachment disorder can occur. It is a psychological problem characterized by extreme problems in forming attachments with others. This is usually a result of abuse or neglect.

Question 19

interactional synchrony

Answer 19

in which caregivers respond to infants appropriately and both caregiver and
child match emotional states, are more likely to produce secure attachment

Question 20

mutual regulation model

Answer 20

the model in which infants and
parents learn to communicate
emotional states to one another
and to respond appropriately

Question 21

reciprocal socialization

Answer 21

a process in which infants’
behaviors
invite further responses
from parents and other caregivers,
which in turn bring about further
responses from the infants

Question 22

Mirror neurons

Answer 22

Are neurons that fire not only when an individual enacts a particular
behavior but also when the individual simply observes another organism carrying out
the same behavior

Question 23

personality

Answer 23

the sum total of the enduring
characteristics that differentiate
one individual from another

Question 24

Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development

Answer 24

the theory that considers how
individuals come to understand
themselves and the meaning of
others’—and their own—behavior

Question 25

trust-versus-mistrust stage

Answer 25

according to Erikson, the period
during which infants develop
a sense of trust or mistrust,
depending largely on how well
their caregivers meet their needs

Question 26

autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage

Answer 26

the period during which, according
to Erikson, toddlers (aged 18
months to 3 years) develop
independence and autonomy
if they are allowed the freedom
to explore, or shame and selfdoubt
if they are restricted and
overprotected

Question 27

temperament

Answer 27

patterns of arousal and emotionality
that are consistent and enduring
characteristics of an individual.

It is how children behave as opposed what or why they do something.

Question 28

activity level

Answer 28

the degree of overall movement

Question 29

easy babies

Answer 29

babies who have a positive disposition;
their body functions operate
regularly, and they are adaptable

Question 30

difficult babies

Answer 30

babies who have negative moods
and are slow to adapt to new situations;
when confronted with a new
situation, they tend to withdraw

Question 31

slow-to -warm babies

Answer 31

babies who are inactive, showing
relatively calm reactions to their
environment; their moods are generally
negative, and they withdraw
from new situations, adapting
slowly

Question 32

goodness-of-fit

Answer 32

the notion that development is
dependent on the degree of match
between children’s temperament
and the nature and demands of
the environment in which they are
being raised

Question 33

gender

Answer 33

the sense of being male or female