Chapter 6 Flashcards
nonverbal encoding
nonverbal expression of emotion
The three components of true emotion
- biological arousal
- cognitive component
- behavioural component
social smile
smiling in response to other individuals
stranger anxiety
The caution and wariness
displayed by infants when
encountering an unfamiliar
person.
This starts developing by the end of the first year.
separation anxiety
The distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider
departs.
Starts developing around month 7 and 8.
social referencing
the intentional search for information
about others’ feelings to help
explain the meaning of uncertain
circumstances and events.
Starts occurring around 8 or 9 months.
self awareness
knowledge of oneself.
begins to grow around month 12.
theory of mind
knowledge and beliefs about how
the mind works and how it affects
behavior
compliant agents
They learn
to see other people as compliant agents, beings similar to themselves who behave under
their own power and who have the capacity to respond to infants’ requests
empathy
an emotional response that
corresponds to the feelings of
another person.
They begin to demonstrate the rudiments of empathy around the age of 2.
Ainsworth strange situation
a sequence of staged episodes
that illustrates the strength of
attachment between a child and
(typically) his or her mother
secure attachment pattern
a style of attachment in which
children use the mother as a kind
of home base and are at ease when
she is present; when she leaves,
they become upset and go to her
as soon as she returns
avoidant attachment pattern
a style of attachment in which
children do not seek proximity to
the mother; after the mother has
left, they seem to avoid her when
she returns as if they are angered
by her behavior
What is Bowlby’s view on attachment?
Attachment is based primarily on infants’ needs for safety and security, their generally determined motivation to avoid pradetors.
The eight-step pattern of the “strange-situation”
(1) The mother and baby
enter an unfamiliar room;
(2) the mother sits down, leaving the baby free to explore;
(3) an adult stranger enters the room and converses first with the mother and then with the baby;
(4) the mother exits the room, leaving the baby alone with
the stranger;
(5) the mother returns, greeting and comforting
the baby, and the stranger leaves;
(6) the mother departs
again, leaving the baby alone;
(7) the stranger returns; and
(8) the mother returns and the stranger leaves
ambivalent attachment pattern
a style of attachment in which
children display a combination of
positive and negative reactions to
their mothers; they show great distress
when the mother leaves, but
upon her return they may simultaneously
seek close contact but also
hit and kick her
disorganized- disoriented attachment pattern
a style of attachment in which children
show inconsistent, often contradictory
behavior, such as approaching
the mother when she returns but not
looking at her; they may be the least
securely attached children of all
relative attachment disorder
When the development of attachment has been severely disrupted a relative attachment disorder can occur. It is a psychological problem characterized by extreme problems in forming attachments with others. This is usually a result of abuse or neglect.
interactional synchrony
in which caregivers respond to infants appropriately and both caregiver and
child match emotional states, are more likely to produce secure attachment
mutual regulation model
the model in which infants and
parents learn to communicate
emotional states to one another
and to respond appropriately
reciprocal socialization
a process in which infants’
behaviors
invite further responses
from parents and other caregivers,
which in turn bring about further
responses from the infants
Mirror neurons
Are neurons that fire not only when an individual enacts a particular
behavior but also when the individual simply observes another organism carrying out
the same behavior
personality
the sum total of the enduring
characteristics that differentiate
one individual from another
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
the theory that considers how
individuals come to understand
themselves and the meaning of
others’—and their own—behavior
trust-versus-mistrust stage
according to Erikson, the period
during which infants develop
a sense of trust or mistrust,
depending largely on how well
their caregivers meet their needs
autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage
the period during which, according
to Erikson, toddlers (aged 18
months to 3 years) develop
independence and autonomy
if they are allowed the freedom
to explore, or shame and selfdoubt
if they are restricted and
overprotected
temperament
patterns of arousal and emotionality
that are consistent and enduring
characteristics of an individual.
It is how children behave as opposed what or why they do something.
activity level
the degree of overall movement
easy babies
babies who have a positive disposition;
their body functions operate
regularly, and they are adaptable
difficult babies
babies who have negative moods
and are slow to adapt to new situations;
when confronted with a new
situation, they tend to withdraw
slow-to -warm babies
babies who are inactive, showing
relatively calm reactions to their
environment; their moods are generally
negative, and they withdraw
from new situations, adapting
slowly
goodness-of-fit
the notion that development is
dependent on the degree of match
between children’s temperament
and the nature and demands of
the environment in which they are
being raised
gender
the sense of being male or female
