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Bio210 > Class 15 - Muscular System > Flashcards

Class 15 - Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of muscular system (6)

A
  1. Movement - Move body parts and body contents in breathing, circulation, digestion. Communication (speaking etc.)
  2. Stability - maintain posture; stabilize joints
  3. Control of body openings/passages - control food intake and elimination of waste.
  4. Heat production (thermogenesis) - produce 20-30% of body heat at rest, up to 85% during exercise
  5. Hormone secretion - exercise releases hormones which stimulate liver glucose synthesis and breakdown of visceral fat
  6. Glycemic control - absorb, store, and use much of body’s glucose, so help stabilize blood’s concentration
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2
Q

What is the study of the muscular system called?

A

Myology

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3
Q

What is the one major purpose of all muscle types?

A

Convert chemical energy in ATP into mechanical energy of motion

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4
Q

What skeletal muscles contain (4)

A
  1. Skeletal muscle tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Nerves
  4. Blood vessels
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5
Q

Connective tissue components of muscle (deep to superficial) (5)

A
  1. Endomysium - thin sleeve of loose connective tissue around each fiber. Allows room for capillaries and nerve fibers, provides chemical environment
  2. Perimysium - Thicker layer of connective tissue wrapped around fascicles. Carries nerves, blood vessels, stretch receptors.
  3. Fascicles - bundles of muscle fibers wrapped together.
  4. Epimysium - Fibrous sheath surrounding entire muscle; blends with fascia and deeper connective tissues
  5. Fascia - sheet of connective tissue between muscles/muscle groups
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6
Q

5 muscle types + examples

A
  1. Fusiform muscles - thick in middle. Fascia converge in each tapered end.

Example: biceps brachii

  1. Parallel muscles - uniform width. Parallel fascicles

Example: rectus abdominis

  1. Triangular muscles - broad and one end with fascicles converging on the other, narrower end.

Example: pectoralis major

  1. Pennate muscles - feather shaped; fascicles attach obliquely on a tendon that runs length of muscle.

Example: palmar interosseous

  1. Circular muscles (sphincters) - fascicles form rings around body openings/passages. Prevent passage when contracted.

Example: orbicularis oculi

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7
Q

Muscle compartments

A

Groups of functionally related muscles packaged by fasciae.

Contains nerves and blood vessels that supply muscle group.

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8
Q

Intermuscular septa

A

Fasciae between muscle compartments which are extra thick

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9
Q

2 types of muscle attachments, 2 accessories

A
  1. Direct (fleshy) attachment to bone - Little separation between muscle and bone
  2. Indirect attachment to bone - Tendon connects muscle to bone. Collagen fibers of connective tissue layers continue into tendon and into periosteum/bone matrix

A. Aponeurosis - Broad, flat sheet of tendon

B. Retinaculum - connective tissue band that tendons from separate muscles pass under

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10
Q

Intrinsic vs extrinsic muscles

A

Intrinsic - entirely contained within a region

Extrinsic - act on a designated region but arise from another region.

Example: extrinsic hand muscles arising from forearm.

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11
Q

Action

A

Effect produced by a muscle to produce or prevent movement

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12
Q

4 categories of muscle action

A
  1. Prime mover - produces most force of a movement (brachialis flexes elbow)
  2. Synergist - aids prime mover (biceps brachii assist brachialis)
  3. Antagonist - opposes prime mover (triceps brachii extends elbow)
  4. Fixator - prevents bone from moving (rhomboid muscles fix scapula when biceps contract)
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13
Q

Spinal vs. cranial nerves

A

Spinal nerves - arise from spinal cord, emerge thru intervertebral foramina, branch into posterior/anterior rami, innervate muscles below neck

Cranial nerves - arise from base of brain, emerge thru skull foramina, innervate muscles of head and neck

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14
Q

3 facts about blood supply to muscular system

A
  1. Receives about 1.24 L blood per minute at rest, 1/4 cardiac output
  2. During exercise, receives more than 3/4 of cardiac output
  3. Capillaries branch extensively through endomysium to reach EACH muscle fiber
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15
Q

Hernia + 3 types

A

Any condition in which the viscera protrudes thru weak point in muscular wall of abdominopelvic cavity

  1. Inguinal - Most common (mostly men), viscera enter inguinal canal or scrotum
  2. Hiatal - stomach protrudes thru diaphragm into thorax. Typical of overweight people over 40.
  3. Umbilical - Visceral protrudes thru navel of infants
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16
Q

3 types of pennate muscles

A
  1. Unipennate - fascicles approach tendons from one side
  2. Bipennate - Fascicles approach tendon from both sides
  3. Multipennate - Bunches of feathers converge to single point
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17
Q

3 functions of tongue muscles + 2 muscle types

A
  1. Push food between molars for chewing (mastication)
  2. Force food into pharynx for swallowing (deglutition)
  3. Aid in speech

A. Intrinsic - muscles within tongue; fascicles in 3 directions
B. Extrinsic - arise from outside tongue

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18
Q

5 actions of chewing

A
  1. Depression - opening mouth
  2. Elevation - biting and grinding
  3. Protraction - allow incisors to cut
  4. Retraction - make rear teeth meet
  5. Lateral/medial excursion - grind food
19
Q

4 attachments of muscles acting on head and neck

A

Arise from:
1. Vertebral column
2. Thoracic cage
3. Pectoral girdle

End on:
4. Cranial bones

20
Q

6 actions of muscles acting on the head and neck

A
  1. Flexion - tipping head forward
  2. Extension - holding head erect/back
  3. Lateral flexion - tipping head to side
  4. Rotation - turning head
  5. Contralateral movement - toward opposite side
  6. Ipsilateral movement - toward same side
21
Q

4 muscles of the orbital/nasal regions

A
  1. Orbicularis oculi
  2. Levator palpabrae superioris
  3. Corrugator supercilii
  4. Nasalis
22
Q

8 muscles of the oral region

A
  1. Orbicularis oris
  2. Levator labii superioris
  3. Levator anguli oris
  4. Zygomaticus major
  5. Zygomaticus minor
  6. Risorius
  7. Depressor anguli oris
  8. Depressor labii inferioris
23
Q

3 muscles of the mental/buccal regions

A
  1. Mentalis
  2. Buccinator
  3. Platysma
24
Q

4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A
  1. Genioglossus
  2. Hyoglossus
  3. Styloglossus
  4. Palatoglossus
25
Q

4 muscles of chewing

A
  1. Temporalis
  2. Masseter
  3. Medial pterygoid
  4. Lateral pterygoid
26
Q

4 suprahyoid muscles

A
  1. Digastric
  2. Geniohyoid
  3. Mylohyoid
  4. Stylohyoid
27
Q

4 infrahyoid muscles

A
  1. Omohyoid
  2. Sternohyoid
  3. Thyrohyoid
  4. Sternothyroid
28
Q

2 flexors of the neck

A
  1. Sternocleidomastoid
  2. Anterior, middle, posterior scalenes
29
Q

3 extensors of the neck

A
  1. Trapezius
  2. Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis
  3. Semispinalis capitis and semispinalis cervicis
30
Q

2 muscles of the superficial perineal space

A
  1. Ischiocavernosus
  2. Bulbospongiosus
31
Q

2 muscles of the deep perineal space

A
  1. Deep transverse perineal
  2. Compressor urethrae (in females)
32
Q

Muscle of anal triangle

A
  1. External anal sphincter
33
Q

Muscle of the pelvic diaphragm

A
  1. Levator ani
34
Q

4 muscles of respiration

A
  1. Diaphragm
  2. External intercostals
  3. Internal intercostals
  4. Innermost intercostals
35
Q

4 muscles of the abdominal wall

A
  1. External oblique
  2. Internal oblique
  3. Transverse abdominal
  4. Rectus abdominis
36
Q

4 muscles of the back acting on vertebral column

A
  1. Erector spinae
  2. Semispinalis thoracis
  3. Quadratus lumborum
  4. Multifidus
37
Q

Flexor retinaculum, carpal tunnel, carpal tunnel syndrome + 3 treatments

A

Flexor retinaculum - fibrous sheet passed under by tendons crossing wrist

Carpal tunnel - space between flexor retinaculum and carpal bones

Carpal tunnel syndrome - inflammation of carpal tunnel tissues, pressure on median nerve

  1. Anti-inflammatory drugs
  2. Immobilization of wrist
  3. Surgery removing retinaculum
38
Q

What side would the flexors/extensors be for the arm/shoulder, hip, knee, and ankle?

A

Arm - Ant = flexors; post = extensors

Hip - Ant = flexors; post = extensors

Knee - Ant = extensors; post = flexor

Ankle - Ant = extensors; post = flexor

39
Q

What two muscles combine into the iliotibial tract

A

Laterally on thigh, fascia lata combines with tendons of gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae to form IT tract

40
Q

Fascia lata

A

Fibrous sheath encircling thigh

41
Q

Tailor’s muscle

A

Sartorius because it flexes knee and hip joints and laterally rotates thigh

42
Q

Muscles of triceps surae

A

In leg. Formed by gastrocnemius and soleus

43
Q

Calcaneus tendon

A

Strongest tendon in the body. Formed by triceps surae (gastrocnemius and soleus)

Bio210 (20 decks)

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