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Bio210 > Class 11 - The Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Class 11 - The Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

Number of vertebrae + 4 functions

A

33 vertebrae with intervertebral discs between them.

Functions:
1. Supports skull and trunk and allows for their movement
2. Protects spinal cord
3. Absorbs stresses of movements
4. Provides attachments for limbs, thoracic cage, and postural muscles

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2
Q

5 vertebrae groups and how many each contains

A
  1. 7 cervical (neck)
  2. 12 thoracic (chest)
  3. 5 lumbar (lower back)
  4. 5 sacral (base of spine)
  5. 4 Coccygeal vertebrae
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3
Q

2 types of curves and 4 bends present in those 3+ in age

A
  1. Kyphosis - Concave toward front
  2. Lordosis - Concave toward back

A. Cervical lordosis
B. Thoracic kyphosis
C. Lumbar lordosis
D. Pelvic kyphosis

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4
Q

2 primary and 2 secondary curvatures

A

Primary:
1. Thoracic kyphosis
2. Pelvic kyphosis

Secondary:
3. Cervical lordosis
4. Lumbar lordosis

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5
Q

3 types of abnormal spine curvatures

A
  1. Scoliosis
  2. Hyperkyphosis (hunchback)
  3. Hyperlordosis (pelvic tilt)
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6
Q

General features of vertebrae (8)

A
  1. Body (centrum)
  2. Vertebral arch
  3. Pedicle
  4. Lamina
  5. Vertebral foramen
  6. Vertebral canal (stacked foramina of multiple vertebrae)
  7. Spinous process
  8. Transverse processes
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7
Q

Superior articular process

A

Project upward from one vertebra to meet the inferior articular process of the one above

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8
Q

Facets

A

Flat articular surfaces of vertebrae
covered with hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

Intervertebral foramen

A

Openings formed when two vertebrae are joined; allow passage of spinal nerves that connect with spinal cord.

Each formed by inferior vertebral notch in pedicle of upper vertebra and superior vertebral notch in pedicle of lower one

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10
Q

Intervertebral disc + 2 parts

A

Cartilaginous pad located between bodies of adjacent vertebrae

  1. Nucleus pulposus - inner gelatinous mass
  2. Anulus fibrosus - outer ring of fibrocartilage
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11
Q

2 features of C1 (atlas)

A
  1. Has no body
  2. Contains lateral masses which have superior articular facets that articulates with occipital condyles of skull
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12
Q

2 features of C2 (axis)

A

Allows side to side motion of head.

  1. Contains dens
  2. Dens held in place by transverse ligament
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13
Q

Unique features of cervical vertebrae (C3-C7) (3)

A
  1. Relatively small; support head and allow its movements
  2. Forked spinous processes which allow for nuchal ligament attachment (C2-C6)
  3. C7 has spinous process that is not forked but is especially long
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14
Q

Unique features of thoracic vertebrae (4)

A
  1. Spinous processes angled sharply downward
  2. Larger body than cervical, smaller than lumbar
  3. Costal facets - small, smooth and concave sites sites on body; attachment points for ribs
  4. T1 to T10 have transverse costal facet on each transverse process for rib articulation; lacking on T11 and T12
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15
Q

How ribs attach to thoracic vertebrae

A

Insert between 2 vertebrae.

Rib articulates with inferior costal facet of vertebra above and superior costal facet of vertebra below

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16
Q

Unique features of lumbar vertebrae (3)

A
  1. Thick, stout body
  2. Blunt, squarish spinous process
  3. Superior articular processes face medially
17
Q

Features of sacrum

A
  1. Articular surface - form joint with hip bone
  2. Superior articular processes - articulate with L5
  3. Alae - pair of winglike extensions
  4. Sacral canal/sacral hiatus
  5. Anterior surface (smooth and concave)
  6. Posterior surface (rough)
18
Q

2 features of anterior surface of sacrum

A
  1. Anterior sacral foramina - four pairs of
  2. Sacral promontory - ridge
19
Q

3 features of posterior surface of sacrum

A
  1. Median sacral crest
  2. Lateral sacral crests
  3. Posterior sacral foramina
20
Q

Thoracic cage, costal margin + 4 functions

A

Consist of thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and ribs.

Costal margin - inferior border formed by arc of lower ribs

Functions:
1. Encloses and protects lungs and heart
2. Offers protection of spleen, liver and kidneys
3. Provides attachment for pectoral girdle and upper limbs
4. Rhythmically expanded by respiratory muscles to draw air into lungs

21
Q

Sternum 3 regions

A
  1. Manubrium
  2. Body
  3. Xiphoid process
22
Q

Ribs: #, attachment + 3 features

A

12 pairs

Attached at its posterior end to vertebral column and most attached at anterior end to sternum

  1. Head - articulates w vertebrae
  2. Tubercle
  3. Shaft - curve called angle, contain costal groove
23
Q

True vs false ribs (2 categories false)

A

Based on their ANTERIOR attachments.

True ribs (1-7) - each has its own costal cartilage connecting it to sternum

False ribs (8-12) - lack independent cartilaginous connection to sternum

a. Vertebrochondral ribs (8 to 10) - cartilages merge with that of rib 7

b. Floating ribs (11-12) - don’t connect to cartilage at all

Bio210 (10 decks)

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