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Bio210 > Class 13 - Joints > Flashcards

Class 13 - Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Joint (articulation)

A

Any point where two bones meet, whether or not the bones are moveable at that interface

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2
Q

Arthrology

A

Science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction

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3
Q

Kinesiology

A

The study of musculoskeletal movement

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4
Q

Bony joint (synostosis) + example

A

An immobile joint formed when the gap between bones ossifies, and the bones become essentially one single bone

Example: left and right frontal and mandibular bones fuse in infants

Can occur in either fibrous or cartilaginous joint

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5
Q

Fibrous joints (synarthrosis) + 3 types

A

Adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone and penetrate into the other.

  1. Sutures
  2. Gomphoses
  3. Syndesmoses
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6
Q

Sutures + 3 types

A

Immobile or slightly mobile fibrous joints in which short collagen fibers bind the bones of the skull to each other

  1. Serrate suture
  2. Lap (squamous) suture
  3. Plane (butt) suture
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7
Q

Serrate suture + 3 examples

A

Interlocking wavy lines

Examples: coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures.

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8
Q

Lap (squamous) suture + 2 examples

A

Overlapping beveled edges.

Examples: temporal and parietal bones

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9
Q

Plane (butt) suture + example

A

Straight non-overlapping edges

Palatine processes of the maxillae.

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10
Q

Gomphosis

A

Attachment of a tooth in its socket.

Held in place by fibrous periodontal ligament.
Collagen fibers attach tooth to jawbone, allowing tooth to move slightly

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11
Q

Syndesmosis + 2 examples

A

A fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by long collagen fibers

Separation of bones and long fibers = more mobile joint

  1. Mobile example: Interosseus membrane of ulna and radius
  2. Less mobile: joint between tibia and fibula
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12
Q

Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthrosis) + 2 types

A

Two bones linked by cartilage.

  1. Synchondroses
  2. Symphyses
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13
Q

Synchondrosis + 2 examples

A

Type of cartilaginous joint. Bones joined by HYALINE cartilage.

  1. Temporary joint between epiphysis and diaphysis in child formed by epiphyseal plate cartilage
  2. First rib attached to sternum
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14
Q

Symphysis + 2 examples

A

Type of cartilaginous joint. Two bones joined by FIBROCARTILAGE

  1. Interpubic disc of pubic symphysis
  2. Bones of vertebrae joined by intervertebral discs.
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15
Q

Synovial joint (diarthrosis)

A

Joint in which two bones are separated by a joint cavity.

Most freely mobile, structurally complex, and likely to develop dysfunction.

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16
Q

Structure of synovial joints (5)

A
  1. Articular cartilage - layer of hyaline cartilage covering the facing bone surfaces
  2. Joint (articular) cavity - separates articular surfaces
  3. Synovial fluid - lubricant, nourishes articular cartilage/removes waste
  4. Joint (articular) capsule - connective tissue enclosing the cavity and retaining fluid.
  5. Articular disc OR meniscus
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17
Q

Joint capsule 3 features

A
  1. Outer fibrous capsule - continuous with periosteum of adjoining bones
  2. Inner synovial membrane - composed of fibroblast-like cells which secrete synovial fluid, and macrophages which remove debris
  3. Lamellar corpuscles - sensory receptors which enable the brain to monitor limb movements
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18
Q

Synovial joints: Articular disc vs meniscus + examples

A
  1. Articular disc - fibrocartilage pad crosses the entire joint capsule

Example: TMJ jaw joint, joints of clavicle, between ulna and carpal bones

  1. Meniscus - crescent-moon shaped pad, does not cross joint entirely. Absorbs shock and pressure, stabilizes bones in joint

Example: found in knee.

19
Q

Accessory structures associated with synovial joints (4)

A
  1. Tendon - collagenous tissue attaching muscle to bone
  2. Ligament - collagenous tissue attaching one bone to another
  3. Bursa - fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid.
  4. Tendon (synovial) sheath - elongated cylindrical bursa wrapped around a tendon; abundant in hand and foot
20
Q

Synovial joint accessory: Bursa + 3 functions

A

Fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid; located between muscles, where tendons pass over bone, or between bone and skin

  1. Cushions muscles
  2. Helps tendons slide more easily over joints
  3. Modifies direction of tendon pull
21
Q

How exercise affects articular cartilage (3)

A
  1. Warms synovial fluid—>more easily absorbed by cartilage—>swell into cushion
  2. Protects cartilage from wear and tear
  3. Repetitive compression squeezes out fluid and metabolic waste, sucks in synovial fluid/oxygen/nutrients to chondrocytes.
22
Q

Range of motion + 3 determining factors

A

Degree through which a joint can move.

  1. Structure of articular surfaces - (elbow: olecranon of ulna in olecranon fossa of humerous restricts movement)
  2. Strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules
  3. Action of muscles and tendons - nervous system maintains joint position and muscle tone (tension)
23
Q

Axes of rotation + 3 main types for joints

A

Passes through bone in direction perpendicular to plane of movement

  1. Multiaxial joint
  2. Biaxial
  3. Monoaxial
24
Q

6 types of synovial joints

A
  1. Ball and socket - Multiaxial
  2. Condylar - Biaxial
  3. Saddle - Biaxial
  4. Plane - Biaxial
  5. Hinge - Monoaxial
  6. Pivot - Monoaxial
25
Q

Ball-and-socket joint + 2 examples

A

Multiaxial. Smooth, hemispheric head fits within cup-like socket.

Examples: shoulder, hip

26
Q

Condylar joints + example

A

Biaxial. Allow significant movement in two planes. Oval convex surface of one bone fits into a complementary shaped depression on the other

Examples: radius and scaphoid, metacarpophalangeal joints, atlas and occipital bone

27
Q

Saddle joints + example

A

Biaxial. Both bones have an articular surface shaped like a saddle, one concave, the other convex

Examples: trapeziometacarpal (thumb)

28
Q

Plane joints + 2 examples

A

Biaxial. Flat, articular surfaces. Bones slide over each other.

Examples: Between carpal and tarsal bones, between articular processes of vertebrae

29
Q

Hinge joints + example

A

Monoaxial. Allow angular movement. One bone with convex surface fits into concave depression of another bone.

Examples: Elbow, knee, between phalanges

30
Q

Pivot joints + 2 examples

A

Monoaxial. Bone spins on its longitudinal axis.

Examples: altantoaxial joint, radioulnar (elbow) joint

31
Q

Flexion, extension, hyperextension

A

Flexion - decreases joint angle

Extension - straightens joint/returns body part to zero position

Hyperextension - extension of a joint behind zero position

32
Q

Abduction/hyperabduction, adduction/hyperadduction

A

Abduction - movement of body part in frontal plane away from midline

Hyperabduction - raise arm over back or front of head

Adduction - movement in frontal plane back toward midline

Hyperadduction - crossing fingers, crossing ankles

33
Q

Elevation, depression

A

Elevation - movement raises body part vertically in frontal plane (e.g. shrugging shoulders)

Depression - lowers body part in same plane

34
Q

Protraction, retraction

A

Protraction - anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane

Retraction - posterior movement

35
Q

Circumduction

A

One end of an appendage remains stationary while other end makes circular motion (e.g. painting a circle)

36
Q

Rotation + 2 types

A

Rotation - bone spins on its longitudinal axis

  1. Medial rotation - turns bone inward
  2. Lateral rotation - turns bone outward.
37
Q

Supination, pronation

A

Forearm movements.

Supination - palm turns to face anteriorly or upward (as in anatomical position)

Pronation - palm turns to face posteriorly or downward (radius + ulna cross)

38
Q

Special movements of head and trunk (4)

A
  1. Flexion - Forward bending movements at the waist or neck
  2. Extension - Straightens trunk or neck.
  3. Hyperextension - Bending over backward
  4. Lateral flexion - Tilting head or trunk to right/left at the midline.
39
Q

Special movements of the hand (4)

A
  1. Flexion - hand moves anteriorly
  2. Extension - hand moved posteriorly
  3. Radial flexion - hand tilts toward thumb
  4. Ulnar flexion - hand tilts toward pinky finger
40
Q

Special movements of the digits (4)

A
  1. Flexion - curling the fingers
  2. Extension - straightening the fingers
  3. Abduction - spreading fingers apart
  4. Adduction - bringing fingers together again
41
Q

Special movements of the thumb (4)

A
  1. Radial abduction - thumb moves away from hand, staying in plane of hand
  2. Palmar abduction - thumb moves away from the plane of hand to point anteriorly
  3. Opposition - thumb moves to approach tip of another finger
  4. Reposition - Return of thumb to zero position
42
Q

Special movements of the foot (4)

A
  1. Dorsiflexion - elevating toes of foot forward (heel strike)
  2. Plantar flexion - extending foot so toes point downward (tip-toe)
  3. Inversion - soles turn in medially
  4. Eversion - Soles turn out laterally

NOTE: feet can also pronate and supinate but they are complex combined movements

43
Q

Special movements of the mandible (4)

A
  1. Protraction - out and forward
  2. Retraction - pull back to neutral
  3. Elevation/depression - opening and closing mouth
  4. Lateral/medial excursion

Bio210 (20 decks)

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