CLA theorists + evidence (done with) Flashcards
Pavlov
Behaviourism
Classical conditioning- stimulus is used to trigger an associated reaction
Skinner
Behaviourism
Operant conditioning- conditioning using positive and negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement- using rewards to enforce an action
Negative reinforcement- using punishments to inhibit an action
Little Albert experiment
Watson and Reiner
Associated a rat with a banging sound, negative association
Unethical experiment
Used Operant conditioning
Bandura
Behaviorism
Observation, imitation, modelling
We learn through watching and imitating others
Reciprocal determinism- the world and a person can cause each other’s behavior
Had many limitations, such as the vast majority of children going through the same stages of language acquisition
Kuhl
Behaviourism
Babies can’t learn language from television due to exaggerated mouth movements and not having mouths
Babies need lots of face to face interaction in order to learn how to talk
Language is learned through talking, singing, storytelling, reading
Genie
Neglected until found at 13
Never developed fully due to missing the crucial period of language development
Supports Nativism + LAD
Chomsky
Nativism
LAD- language acquisition device, a mental capacity which enables children to
acquire and produce language
Universal grammar- a set of unconscious constraints that let us decide if a sentence is correctly formed
Heavily criticized, had many limitations such as his work being theoretical
Piaget
Cognitive development
Outlined 4 universal stages of child development
Sensorimotor stage- 18-24 months
preoperational stage- 2-7 years
concrete operational stage- 7-11 years
Formal operational stage- 12+ years
Sensorimotor stage
birth to 18-24 months
Goal- object permanence
characteristics- object permanence, self-recognition, deferred imitation and representational play
Preoperational stage
2 to 7 years old
Goal- symbolic thought
Characteristics- animism, internally represent the world through language/ mental imagery, thinking symbolically
Not capable of logical thought
Concrete operational stage
7 to 11 years old
Goal- logical thought
Characteristics-logical thinking, understand the concept of conversation, less egocentric, mentally reverse things
Formal operational stage
11+ years old
Goal- scientific reasoning
Characteristics- deal with abstract ideas, deal with hypothetical problems, follow up arguments
Bruner and Vygotsky
Social interaction
Language acquisition is a result of negotiating with your environment to represent the recurrent regularities that occur
Bruner= Scaffolding- providing the learner with enough support through the early stages of learning (LASS= Language Acquisition Support System)
Vygotsky= ZPD (zone of proximal development)- we can learn more in the presence of MKOs ( more knowledgeable others)
Tomasello
Social interaction
theory was based on social interaction and social cognition playing a part in our language acquisition
Language comes from our ability to cooperate and socialize
Two stages of child language acquisition:
Intention reading- understanding comes before usage of language
Pattern finding- Categorization of objects
Berko and Brown
Fis study
perception of phonemes occurs earlier than the ability to produce them
Berko
Wug test
investigated perception of plurals and other inflectional morphemes
even very young children had the ability to produce plurals, past tenses, possessives, and other forms of words that they have never heard before.
Jim
Son of deaf parents
watched lots of tv and radio because his parents wanted him to learn speech
Had lots of speech problems, until a speech therapist was enlisted
McNeill (extra)
children are often unable to repeat what an adult says due to the structures of the sentences
Brown, Cazden and Bellugi (extra)
Parents are more concerned with truth and politeness rather than well formed grammar
more likely to correct politeness + truth rather than grammar
Victor of Aveyron (extra)
Feral child similar to genie, couldn’t develop language due to being found at the age of 9 without any linguistic ability
Nelson (extra)
60% of first words are nouns
First words are either: Naming Describing Actions Social words
4 stages of child speech- Crystal (from booklet)
Babbling stage- mainly babbling, attempting to say words
Holophrastic stage- one word stage, can say one word at a time
Two-word stage- two word stage, can say small phrases
telegraphic stage- 3/4/5 words at a time, speech resembles telegram writing
Wells (from booklet)
child’s language development is related to mother’s speech during shared activities
Nelson (from booklet)
Expansion + re-casting improves a child’s ability to imitate
children tend to use nouns as their main word class early on
Stewart (from booklet)
Found that children whose mothers talk more have larger vocabularies
Clark and Clark (from booklet)
Found that children who are only exposed to adult speech do not acquire the same standard of language as those whose parents speak to them directly in a modified manner
CDS helps more than hearing adult speech- link to Kuhl + TV
Keith and Shuttleworth (from booklet)
CDS may be primarily social rather than educational
Hirsch-Paschek and Tremain (from booklet)
Children of 4 use features of CDS when speaking to 2 year olds
Spelke (from booklet)
Children like objects that are clearly defined in shapes, which is why they use nouns so much
Keenan and Klein (from booklet)
5 categories of response in the interaction between children: acknowledgement affirmation denial or opposition matching extension
Garvey (from booklet)
Children by the age of 5 1/2 make use of these functions: getting attention taking turns making relevant utterances nominating and acknowledging topics ignoring and avoiding topics priming topics requesting clarification
Aitchison (Video)
3 stages that occur during a child’s acquisition of vocabulary:
Labelling- link between sounds of words and the objects which they refer to
Packaging- understanding a word’s range of meaning (over/under extension becomes a problem here)
Network building- understanding the connections between words (opposites, synonyms)
Isabelle (flashcards)
Feral child, locked up with only deaf mute mother as her contact for 6 years, still gained normal linguistic abilities
Bellugi (flashcards)
3 stages of negative development in children:
negative is placed at the beginning of the sentence
the negative moves within the sentence
the negative becomes grammatically correct
3 stages of pronoun development:
child will use their own name instead of a pronoun
child uses I/me interchangeably
the child understands pronoun use accurately
Haliday
Seven functions of child language:
Instrumental function - language that is used to fulfil a need. This typically includes concrete nouns.
Regulatory function - language that is used to influence the behavior of others
Interactional function - language that is used to develop relationships and ease interaction.
Personal function - language that expresses personal opinions, attitudes and feelings including a speaker’s identity.
Representational/Informative function- language that is used to relay or request information.
Heuristic function - language that is used to explore, learn and discover.
Imaginative function - the use of language to tell stories and create imaginary constructs.
From last blurt (ignore)
Mainly piaget stages
Tomasello, McNeil, Nelson?
Photo on phone
