Civil rights Flashcards
what did plessy vs ferguson create?
separate but equal laws
what did jim crow laws establish?
separate facilities for whites and blacks in the south
de facto segregation
segregation established by practice and custom, rather than by law
de jure segregation
segregation by law
restrictive covenant
agreement among neighbors not to sell or rent to african americans or other racial minorities
what did restrictive covenants do to blacks?
forced them into poor neighborhoods that were farther from jobs, public transport, or good schools
racial zoning
local laws that defined where the different races could live
miscegenation
interracial marriage
disenfranchise
to deny voting rights
white primary
primary election in which only whites could participate
gerrymandering
the practice of redrawing the lines of a voting district to give one party an unfair advantage
Color line
barrier created by custom law, and economic differences
Executive Order 9981
issued by Truman ended segregation in military
C.O.R.E.
congress of racial inequality/ dedicated to civil rights reform through nonviolent action
Thurgood Marshal
- head of NAACP in 1940
- lead atourney in brown vs. board of education
- famous “doll test”
Brown vs. Board of education of Topeka
- Linda had to walk and ride a bus far away when there was a white school several blocks away
- ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional
class action lawsuit
lawsuit filed by people on behalf of themselves and a larger group who might benefit
“doll test”
16 black kids were shown a black and white doll, 10 chose white as nice and 11 selected the black as bad
Bull Connor
police chief that sprayed black protestors with hoses
Rosa Parks
refused to give up her seat to a white guy. Rosa was active in the NAACP
Bus Boycott
- led by MLK Jr.
- on December 5th, 90% of blacks boycotted the bus
SCLC
Southern christian leadership confrence/ organization formed by MLK and other civil rights leaders in 1957 to use non violent resistance to achieve social and political goals
Orval Faubus
Gov of Arkansas, declared that he would not support desegregation in little rock, Called national guard as a show of force and to prevent them from entering
little rock 9
when 9 students tried to enter central high, a mob of whites blocked them from entering- Eisenhower sent federal troops to protect them and get them into the school
Executive order 10730
eisenhower sent troops to accompany the little rock 9 and lead them into the school
James Meredith
turned to NAACP when Ole Miss wouldn’t let him in. He secretly arrived onto campus, students burned cars and destroyed property
-JFK set federal marshals to protect Meredith, so he could attend classes
sit-ins
protest in which protestors sit down in a public place and refuse to move, thereby causing the buisness to lose customers
SNCC
student nonviolent coordinating committee/ organized sit ins and other nonviolent protests
civil disobedience
the nonviolent refusal to obey a law that the persecutor considers to be unjust
direct action
political acts, including protests of all types, designed to have an immediate impact
freedom rides
protests in which black and whites rode interstate buses together in 1961 to test wether southern states were complying w/ the supreme court ruling against segregation on interstate transport.
Birmingham protest
- may 2nd protestors were arrested
- may 3rd bull connor barricaded them at the church and used attack dogs and high pressure hoses on students that tried to leave
march on washington
250,000 people march on washington for jobs and freedom
“i have a dream speech”
made by MLK at the march on washington
Lyndon B. Johnson
pushed for the civil rights bill after JFK was assasinated
filibustered
a tactic in which a memeber of a legislature speaks at great length to prevent legislative action
civil rights act of 1964
banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin
freedom summer
campaign by CORE and SNC to register black voters in Mississippi
voting rights act of 1965
outlawed literacy tests and other tactics that had long been used to deny african americans the right to vote
black power
call for blacks to have economic and political power, with emphasis on not relying on nonviolent protests
watts riot
a black ghetto in LA, cause by frustration, poverty, prejudice, and police mistreatment/ laste d6 days, 34 died 900 injured
Kerner Commission
concluded that white racism was the fundamental cause of the watts riot
Malcolm X
- was against nonviolence
- was assasinated by the nation of islam
Elijah Muhammad
leader of a religious group known as the nation of Islam or black muslims/ taught that blacks were earths first people, but were tricked out of power and opressed by whites
black nationalism
doctorine promoted by the nation of islam, calling for complete separation from white society
black panthers
group that demanded economic and political rights and was prepared to take violent action
afrocentrism
focus on african history, culture , and achievments of african peoples and their descendants in the US
UFW
united farm workers, smalll union for migrant farm workers
NFWA
formed by ceasar chavez and Dolores Huerta/ later became the UFW
N.O.W.
National organization for Women/ formed to advance womens rights
betty friedan
author who exposed the unhappiness of middle-class women (feminine mystique)
glass ceiling
an invisible barrier to womens professional advancement
womans liberation
goal of emancipating women from customs and laws that keep them subordinate to men
Bilingual education
teaching in 2 languages
many latino’s faced
employment discrimination
Cesar Chavez
- relied on non-violence
- helped found the UFW
- strike against grape growers
la raza unida
- political party
- the people united
- used this to identify themselves and connect w/ their heritage
AIM
american indian movement/ protest unfair treatment
how many indians took over alcatraz and why
98 and to make themselves known
did american indians get any changes
some, small improvements
JACL
formed to defend the rights of Japanese americans
stonewall riots
riots in 1969 by customers of a gay bar in NY in response to a police raid
gray panthers
spoke out agaisnt unfair treatment of older americans
