Civil Rights Flashcards
Reconstruction act of 1867
Divided south into 5 military districts
Each state is required to draw up a constitution guaranteeing black suffrage
Confederates forbidden from attending
To be readmitted, southern states must ratify the 14th amendment
Results of Reconstruction
Republican radicals saw the south as conquered territory
Congress had statehood powers, not the president
Black codes passed in the south restricted civil liberties of southerners
Power grab-bring blacks as another voting group
GAR
Made up the core of the Republicans
Grand army of the Republic
Voting group for the Republicans
Old retired military workers
Black codes
Law that restricts the civil liberties of blacks (Where they live, public transportation)
Freedmen’s Bureau
Helped former slaves find jobs
Provided food, clothing, shelter, education
Protected civil rights
Headed by General Oliver Howard
13th amendment
Abolished slavery in the US
14th amendment
Most important of the Civil Rights movement
Disenfranchised confederate leaders
Guaranteed equality
Black citizenship
15th amendment
Black suffrage
Radical Reconstruction
For 10 years, blacks enjoyed a military enforced freedom
13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were enforced by the army
Former confederacy was occupied territory
Ways blacks were disenfranchised 1877-1970
South Carolina White primary (only whites could vote)
Mississippi Grandfather clause (If grandfather didn’t vote, you can’t)
Literacy test (designed to make blacks fail)
Poll taxes (Blacks were too poor to pay tax to vote)
4 Directions of the Civil Rights movement
Civil Disobedience-Nonviolent protest
Litigation-Using courts to push for change
Violent confrontation
Black separatism-Black Muslim Movement
Plessy v Ferguson
John Harlan’s dissenting opinion: “The constitution is colorblind”
Segregation does not violate the 14th amendment as long as “separate but equal” facilities are provided
Lynchings
To be put to death by hanging by mob action without due process of the law
1000 occurred in 1 year
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Booker T Washington
First Real Civil Rights activist
Said that blacks needed to be more active in their communities
WEB Dubois
“I should not have to prove my equality”
Helped establish NAACP
A Phillip Randolf
Civil rights leader before MLK
Told Roosevelt after WW2 that if the blacks didn’t get equality, they were marching on washington
Jackie Robinson
Broke the color line playing baseball
“We must use our economic power to demand our rights”
Marcus Garvey
Ignited black pride
Tried to encourage Freedmen to go back to Africa
Langston Hughes
Black Poet Laureate
First to write what it is like to be Black
Louis Armstrong
Brought jazz from New Orleans to the North
Harlem Renaissance
Awakening of black identity…Art,culture,music
Langston Hughes
Brown v Topeka
Eisenhower brought Earl Warren in as chief justice
Struck down segregation in school
Earl ordered south to “have schools be desegregated with all deliberate speed”
Thurgood Marshall (Lawyer) becomes first black justice
Violated the 14th amendment
Thurgoos Marshall
Lawyer during the Brown v Topeka case
First black chief justice
NAACP
Malcom x
Black separatism
Black Muslim movement
Criminal turned good
Martin Luther King Jr
NAACP activist
Rosa Parks
Young NAACP activist
Supreme court struck down bus law as unconstitutional
Earl Warren
Brought in as a chief justice by Eisenhower
Had the justices vote 9-0 during the Brown case
Ordered the south be “desegregated with all deliberate speed”
Birmingham, Alabama 1963
Most segregated city in america
Civil Rights Act 1964
Outlawed discrimination in public accommodation
Bakke vs University of California 1978
Quotas are unconstitutional in schools
Rosie the Rivoter
Symbol of women working in factories. Backfired. Women were viewed as tools still.
NOW
National Organization of Women
Gave women legal stand on domestic violence and birth rights
Emmett Till
Murdered brutally for speaking to a white girl
Carrie Chapman Catt 20th century
Suffragist
first female congresswomen
Voting rights act of 1965
Put federal supervisors on areas with less than 50% voter turn out
John Lewis
SNCC Activist
Black Power (Black nationalism, Black Panthers)
Stokely Carmichael
Soul on Ice - Eldridge Cleaver
Birmingham 1963
“The most segregated city in America” - MLK
Little Rock 1957
Orville Faubes
Stopped integration, used national guard to enforce
Eisenhower tells Orville to let students in school
Orville refuses so Eisenhower sends the national guard
Doesn’t really change anything in other parts of the US
Oxford, Miss 1962
James Meredith was denied admission to Ol’ Miss
Fights broke out between guard and students
Selma to Montgomery 1965
State troopers and angry mobs of whites beat the crap out of black people trying to cross a bridge
Blacks were going to vote registration areas
March on Washington
“It’s time for the nation to live up to the promise” - JFK
Signal Event
Civil Rights Act 1964
Outlaws discrimination in all public facilities and transportation
(Sweeping law)
Civil Rights Act 1968
Outlawed discrimination in the sale or rental of property (a shot at de facto segregation)
Voting Rights Act 1965
Goes after poll taxes
Placed federal supervisors in every voting precinct with less than 50% voter registration
Segregation
Seperated
Desgegregation
Unseperated
Affirmative Action
Federal policy required schools to make steps to end discrimination and segregation
Bakke vs Califnornia 1978
Reverse Discrimination
Quotas were unconstitutional because they discriminated against non minority applicants
Race could be used for a consideration but it could not be the only factor
Seneca Falls Convention
Elizabeth cady Stanton and Lecretia Mott organize it
Drafted the Seneca Falls declaration of sentiments
Reverse Discrimination
Bakke v California
Policy of favoring groups that have been previously discriminated in the past
Discrimination
Telling the difference between two races
Malice
Revenge
19th century suffrage movement
Susan B Anthony
Minor v Happensett
Supreme court ruled that voting is not necessarily a right of citizenship (14th amendment)
Carrie Chapman Catt 20th century
Suffragest
Jeanette Rankin
Congresswomen
Margaret Sanger
Counselled women on birth control
Alice Paul
Militant, confrontational protest
Locked in prison for weeks getting tortured
19th Amendment
Women got the right to vote
Georgia O’Keefe
Painter
Rosie the Riveter
Showed that the women were back home doing men’s jobs during WW2
“Modern Feminism” Betty Friedan
The Feminine Mystique
Women are inferior in our society because they are taught to be
Encouraged women to seek happiness in other things besides motherhood
Gloria Steinem
MS Magazine
Notified women on issues
NOW
Reproductive freedom Stopping violence against women Lesbian rights Achieving constitutional equality Economic justice
Emmett Till
Young man murdered for talking to a white girl
Came down from the north to the heavily segregated Mississippi
Medgar Evers
Tried to end segregation at the university of Mississippi
Bob Dylan
Folk singer who sang about civil rights events
Gratz v Bollinger
Aggreed with Bakke that there shoudl be no quotas, but race can be one factor in college admissions to meet the compelling interest of diversity
Holistic view
Sit ins
Sit in a restaurant filling up all seats
People who did this were Freedom Riders
Ceaser Chavez
Helped organize farm workers and hunger strikes
The blues music
Born out of the cotton fields
Muddy waters, lead belly, etc.
Voting Rights Act 1970
Tried to get rid of unfair tests to get the right to vote
