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Bio 123 > cirullatory immune respitory > Flashcards

cirullatory immune respitory Flashcards

1
Q

A circulatory system typically consists of
blood, _____, and a system of blood ____
or spaces through which bloodcirculates

A

heart, vessels

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2
Q

sponges and flat worms have

A

No True Circulatory System

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3
Q

Open Circulatory System Found in and are

A

arthropods, most mollusks
Blood” flows into a hemocoel
 bathing tissues directly

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4
Q

Closed Circulatory System is

A

Blood flows through a continuous circuit of

blood vessels

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5
Q

Circulatory System Helps maintain

A

fluid balance, pH, body temperature Defends body against infectious disease

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6
Q

Plasma contains

A 
Water and salts
 Substances in transport
 Plasma proteins
albumins
globulins
fibrinogen
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7
Q

 Arteries carry blood

A

away from the heart

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8
Q

Veins return blood

A

to the heart

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9
Q

what do Arterioles do and how do they do it

A

constrict (vasoconstriction)
 dilate (vasodilation)
 Arterioles regulate blood pressure and
distribution of blood to tissues

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10
Q

Capillaries are

A

thin-walled exchange vessels allow materials to transfer between blood and tissues

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11
Q

During the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates, adaptations in circulatory
system structures led to maintenance of ____ ____ and ______ oxygen-rich from oxygen-poor blood

A

blood pressure seperate

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12
Q

The four-chambered hearts and double

circuits of endothermic birds and mammals completely separate

A

oxygen rich blood from oxygen-poor blood

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13
Q

in the Cardiac Cycle

One complete heartbeat is

A

Closing of AV valves

Closing of semilunar valves

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14
Q

Blood Pressure is

A

The force blood exerts against inner walls

of the blood vessel

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15
Q

Blood Pressure is greatest in ____ and Decreases in

A

arteries, capillaries

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16
Q

Blood Pressure 2

Depends on

A

 cardiac output
 blood volume
 resistance to blood flow

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17
Q

 Pulmonary circulation
 connects _____
 Systemic circulation
 connects _____

A

heart and lungs,heart and tissues

18
Q

Coronary arteries

A

 supply heart muscle with blood

19
Q

The Lymphatic System

A

Collects interstitial fluid, returns it to blood Defends body against disease
 Absorbs lipids from digestive tract

20
Q

Lymphatic vessels conduct

A

lymph

21
Q

 Lymph

A

 clear fluid formed from interstitial fluid

22
Q

Lymph nodes

A

small masses of tissue

 filter bacteria, harmful materials out of lymph

23
Q

what are First-Line Defenses in immune sys

A

skin, mucous linings of respiratory, digestive tracts Generally antimicrobial peptides

24
Q

Nonspecific Immune Cells

A

Phagocytes destroy bacteria (neutrophils

macrophages) Natural killer (NK) cells destroy cells

25
Q

Inflammatory Response sticks

A

Vasodilation (brings more blood to area of infection)
2. Increased capillary permeability (allows fluid and antibodies to leave
circulation and enter tissues)
3. Increased phagocytosis

26
Q

Inflammatory Response

A

Mast cells release histamine and other

compounds

27
Q

pathogens encounters antigens, immune

system produces

A

antibodies  highly specific proteins

 recognize and bind to specific antigens

28
Q

immunological memory

A

“remembers” foreign or dangerous molecules
 responds more strongly to repeated
encounters with the same molecules

29
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity Specific T cells are activated and they

A

T cells release proteins
 destroy cells infected with viruses or other
intracellular pathogens

30
Q

antibody-Mediated Immunity Specific B cells are activated and they

A

B cells multiply and differentiate into

plasma cells which produce antibodies

31
Q

 Secondary immune response

 to second exposure to same antigen produces

A

more rapid, more intense than primary

response

32
Q

Active Immunity

 Develops after

A

exposure to antigens

May occurnaturally after recovery from a diseas artificially by immunization (vaccine)

33
Q

Passive Immunity (Temporary) happens when

A

Individual receives antibodies produced by

another person or animal

34
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

A

Destroys T helper cells
 severely impairs immunity
 patient at risk for opportunistic infections

35
Q

Allergic Reaction

 Allergen stimulates production o

A

IgE combines with receptors on mast cells

Mast cells release histamine

36
Q

Systemic anaphylaxis

A

rapid, widespread allergic reaction

 can lead to death

37
Q

Adaptations for Gas Exchange Small aquatic animals

A

exchange gases by diffusion no specialized respiratory structures

38
Q

Adaptations for Gas Exchange most annelids) and some vertebrates (many amphibians

A

exchange gases across body surface

39
Q

Ciliated mucous lining traps inhaled

particles in

A

nose
 pharynx
 trachea
 bronchi

40
Q

About 60% of CO2 in blood is transported

as

A

bicarbonate ions
 About 30% combines with hemoglobin
 About 10% is dissolved in plasma

Bio 123 (15 decks)

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