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bio 20 > Circulatory System: Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Circulatory System: Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 Main Functions of the Circulatory System?

A

1.) Transportation : such as oxygen and nutrients to cells, as well as removal of cellular waste

2.) Body Temperature : Regulation of our internal body temperature

3.)Protection : Against blood loss due ti injury and against infections

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2
Q

What is the fluid membrane that surrounds the heart?

A

Pericardium

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3
Q

What muscle does the heart have? Is it voluntary or involuntary

A

Cardiac Muscle which us involuntary

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4
Q

How many chambers does the heart have? Name all.

A

ATRIUM
1. Top Left chamber: Left atria
2. Top right chamber: Right atria

VENTRICLES
3. Bottom left chamber: left ventricle
4. bottom right chamber: right ventricle

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5
Q

What are the valves in the heart? What is the purpose? Where are they found?

A

Ensure that blood flows in the correct direction

ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES
These valves are found between the atria and the ventricles.
1. Right valve is called Tricuspid Valve : has 3 flaps
2. Left valve is called Bicuspid Valve (also known as mitral valve) : has 2 flaps

SEMILUNAR VALVES
1 found between ventricle and aorta, other 1 found between ventricle and pulmonary arteries
2 of them

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6
Q

What are arteries? Characteristics?

A
  • Carry blood away from the heart.
  • Has highly elastic walls to allow the artery to expand when blood surges through during contractions
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7
Q

What are veins?

A
  • Veins carry blood towards the heart
  • Thinner walls and larger inner circumference than arteries
  • less pressure
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8
Q

What are Capillaries

A

-Join arteries and veins together
- transfer oxygen and nutrients to tissue cells
- one layer cell thick
- materials move into and out of the capillaries through facilitate diffusion

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9
Q

What causes or affect heart rates?

A
  1. Nervous Stimuli : fear, excitement
  2. Physical Stimuli : exercise, increase of CO2 in blood
  3. Chemical Stimuli : Nicotine, Caffeine, Alcohol
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10
Q

How does the Heart Beat?

A

1.) S.A. nodes stimulates the right and left atria ti contract
2.) nerve impulses reach the A.V. nodes then waits for ventricles to fill with blood
3.) A.V. nodes transmits nerve impulses to the ventricles via the bundle of His then Purkinje Fibres then ventricles contract.

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11
Q

What measures the electrical activity of the heart?

A
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
  • measures the electrical activity of the heart.
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12
Q

Explain the P, QRS, and T parts of a ECG (Electrocardiogram)

A

P : electrical activity before atria contracts

QRS : electrical activity before ventricles contract

T : Electrical activity as ventricles relax after contraction

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13
Q

What happens in a abnormal ECG? What is it called when it is too slow or too fast?

A
  • Indicates arrhythmia which usually irregular heart beat/rhythm
  • irregularly SLOW : bradycardia
  • irregularly FAST : Tachycardia
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14
Q

What us Ventricular Fibrillation?

A

Uncoordinated twitching of the heart, can lead to coma or death

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15
Q

What is a Sphygmomanometer?

A
  • measures blood pressure
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16
Q

What is systolic and diastolic in blood pressure?

A

Systolic : ventricles contract in MAX PRESSURE 120 mmHg
Diastolic : ventricles relax in MIN PRESSURE 80 mmHg

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17
Q

In heart sounds what does “Lub” and “Dub” indicate

A
  • “Lub”
    1. SA nodes send signals contraction of atria
    2. Av valves closes
  • “Dub”
    1. Sa nodes signals Av nodes for ventricles contraction
    2. contraction happens
    3. semilunar valves close to prevent backflow
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18
Q

What is Stroke Volume? Heart Rate? Cardio Output?

A

Stroke volume : the volume of blood for every pump/beat

Heart Rate : number of beats per minute

Cardio Output : volume if blood pumped every minute

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19
Q

What is the formula for Cardio Output?

A

Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
= Cardio Output

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20
Q

What is Arteriosclerosis?

A

A condition in which the walls of the arteries thicken and lose elasticity thus becoming hard
- blood flow is decreased

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21
Q

What happens when an Artery is blocked?

A
  • Causes Angina (chest pain)
  • blood clots
  • shortness of breathe
  • heart attack
  • heart failure
22
Q

What is the blood composed of?

A
  • 55% Plasma (Fluid Portion)
  • 45% Formed Portion (44%Rbc, 1% Wbc and Platelets )
23
Q

Explain Red Blood Cells

A
  • Red Blood Cell (erythrocytes)
  • carry 02 towards the cells and CO2 away from cells
  • NO NUCLEUS (increase SA)
  • Biconcave shape (increase SA)
    -Contains hemoglobin
24
Q

Explain Platelets

A
  • responsible for blood clotting
  • fragments of cells in the blood
25
Q

Explain White Blood Cells

A
  • has a NUCLEUS
    -responsible for fighting infections
26
Q

What are the 2 types of WBC responsible for fighting infections?

A
  1. Granulocytes (neutrophils) and Monocytes = responsible for engulfing foreign particles
  2. Lymphocytes = forms antibodies and defense
27
Q

Where are Rbc, Wbc, and Platelets produced?

A

Bone marrow

28
Q

What is Fibrin?

A

Insoluble protein material that forms mesh strands around an area of injury which traps blood and forms clot

29
Q

What is the process of clotting? or How is Fibrin formed

A
  1. Injury to blood vessel release substances that attract platelets
  2. Platelets rupture and release THROMBOPLASTIN enzyme
  3. thromboplastin will react to calcium ions and prothrombin to produce thrombin
  4. Thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen making it fibrin
    5) Fibrin form mesh around injured area, trapping blood and forming clot
30
Q

What are the 4 different blood types?

A

A
B
AB
O

31
Q

What is agglutination?

A

When antibodies react with the same antigen type (A-antibody to A-antigen) which clumps together

32
Q

What is the Universal Recipient Blood type

A

AB. can receive any type of blood

33
Q

What is the universal donor blood type

A

Type O. Can give blood to anybody. there are no antibodies against O

34
Q

What are RH Factor

A
  • antigen on surface of rbc
  • do not automatically have antibodies
  • causes problem during 2nd pregnancy
    RH+ = blood clumps (with all types)
35
Q

What is the constant Body Temperature of humans

A

-37 celsius

36
Q

What does the body do to protect from Overheating?

A
  1. Hypothalamus turns on cooling system:
    - brain sensor detects high body temp
    - hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to skin
    - blood vessels dilate (become more open)
    - increase blood flow to skin which releases the heat out of the skin
    - then cooled blood returns to the internal organs
  2. Hypothalamus also sends nerve impulses to sweat glands. Evaporation of sweat causes cooling
    RESULT = body temp decrease
37
Q

How does the body protect against cold?

A
  1. Hypothalamus turns on warming system
    - blood vessels get narrower
    - blood flow to the skin is decreased so no heat gets out
  2. Skeletal muscles contract which causes shivering (generates heat)
    RESULT: body temp increases
    hypothalamus turns off heating system
38
Q

What us Countercurrent?

A

Keeps the core warm
- Veins and artery are close to each other so heat is exchanged between them
- As the arterial blood gets closes to the hand it is cooled
- Then venous blood is warmed as it returns to the core

39
Q

What organs are included in the Lymphatic System?

A
  • Lymph Vessls
  • Lymph nodes
  • tonsils
  • spleeb
  • thymus gland
  • red bone marrow
40
Q

3 Main Functions of the Lymphatic System?

A
  1. Collect excess interstitial fluid or lymph and returns it to the blood stream to maintain correct water balance in the body
  2. Works with immune system to help the body fight against diseases
  3. Lacteals absorb digested fats and transport them to blood stream
41
Q

What are the 3 groups for Defence System in the Body

A
  1. Physical and Chemical Barriers
  2. Non-Specific Defense
  3. Specific Defense
42
Q

What is included in the Physical and Chemical Defense

A
  • Skin (P)
  • Eyelashes (P)
  • Cilia (C)
  • Mucus (C)
  • Stomach Acid (C)
  • Nose hair (P)
43
Q

What is included in the Non-Specific Defense

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Monocytes
  • macrophages
    ingest and kill bacteria by phagocytosis
44
Q

What is included in Specific Defense

A
  • Immunity
  • Antigen
  • Antibody
45
Q

What are the 2 Types of Lymphocytes?

A
  1. B cells mature in red bone marrow
    - b cells make specific antibodies
  2. T cells mature in thymus gland
    - several types of T cells are involved in cellular immunity
46
Q

What does macrophages do?

A

Macrophages engulf invading bacteria and breaks them down

47
Q

What does helper T cells do?

A

recognize antigen on macrophage and send message to B cells

48
Q

What do B cells do?

A

Produce antibodies against a specific antigen

49
Q

what does memory b cells do

A

remember the foreign intruder for future purposes

50
Q

What are killer T cells

A

bind to infected cells

51
Q

What do suppressor t cells do

A

slow and supresses response time ensure normal cells do not get destroyed

52
Q

What are antigens

A

they provide identification if cells and on pathogens located on their surface
- usually helps to recognize foreign antigens

bio 20 (8 decks)

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