Circulatory System: Chapter 8 Flashcards
What are the 3 Main Functions of the Circulatory System?
1.) Transportation : such as oxygen and nutrients to cells, as well as removal of cellular waste
2.) Body Temperature : Regulation of our internal body temperature
3.)Protection : Against blood loss due ti injury and against infections
What is the fluid membrane that surrounds the heart?
Pericardium
What muscle does the heart have? Is it voluntary or involuntary
Cardiac Muscle which us involuntary
How many chambers does the heart have? Name all.
ATRIUM
1. Top Left chamber: Left atria
2. Top right chamber: Right atria
VENTRICLES
3. Bottom left chamber: left ventricle
4. bottom right chamber: right ventricle
What are the valves in the heart? What is the purpose? Where are they found?
Ensure that blood flows in the correct direction
ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES
These valves are found between the atria and the ventricles.
1. Right valve is called Tricuspid Valve : has 3 flaps
2. Left valve is called Bicuspid Valve (also known as mitral valve) : has 2 flaps
SEMILUNAR VALVES
1 found between ventricle and aorta, other 1 found between ventricle and pulmonary arteries
2 of them
What are arteries? Characteristics?
- Carry blood away from the heart.
- Has highly elastic walls to allow the artery to expand when blood surges through during contractions
What are veins?
- Veins carry blood towards the heart
- Thinner walls and larger inner circumference than arteries
- less pressure
What are Capillaries
-Join arteries and veins together
- transfer oxygen and nutrients to tissue cells
- one layer cell thick
- materials move into and out of the capillaries through facilitate diffusion
What causes or affect heart rates?
- Nervous Stimuli : fear, excitement
- Physical Stimuli : exercise, increase of CO2 in blood
- Chemical Stimuli : Nicotine, Caffeine, Alcohol
How does the Heart Beat?
1.) S.A. nodes stimulates the right and left atria ti contract
2.) nerve impulses reach the A.V. nodes then waits for ventricles to fill with blood
3.) A.V. nodes transmits nerve impulses to the ventricles via the bundle of His then Purkinje Fibres then ventricles contract.
What measures the electrical activity of the heart?
- Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
- measures the electrical activity of the heart.
Explain the P, QRS, and T parts of a ECG (Electrocardiogram)
P : electrical activity before atria contracts
QRS : electrical activity before ventricles contract
T : Electrical activity as ventricles relax after contraction
What happens in a abnormal ECG? What is it called when it is too slow or too fast?
- Indicates arrhythmia which usually irregular heart beat/rhythm
- irregularly SLOW : bradycardia
- irregularly FAST : Tachycardia
What us Ventricular Fibrillation?
Uncoordinated twitching of the heart, can lead to coma or death
What is a Sphygmomanometer?
- measures blood pressure
What is systolic and diastolic in blood pressure?
Systolic : ventricles contract in MAX PRESSURE 120 mmHg
Diastolic : ventricles relax in MIN PRESSURE 80 mmHg
In heart sounds what does “Lub” and “Dub” indicate
- “Lub”
1. SA nodes send signals contraction of atria
2. Av valves closes - “Dub”
1. Sa nodes signals Av nodes for ventricles contraction
2. contraction happens
3. semilunar valves close to prevent backflow
What is Stroke Volume? Heart Rate? Cardio Output?
Stroke volume : the volume of blood for every pump/beat
Heart Rate : number of beats per minute
Cardio Output : volume if blood pumped every minute
What is the formula for Cardio Output?
Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
= Cardio Output
What is Arteriosclerosis?
A condition in which the walls of the arteries thicken and lose elasticity thus becoming hard
- blood flow is decreased
What happens when an Artery is blocked?
- Causes Angina (chest pain)
- blood clots
- shortness of breathe
- heart attack
- heart failure
What is the blood composed of?
- 55% Plasma (Fluid Portion)
- 45% Formed Portion (44%Rbc, 1% Wbc and Platelets )
Explain Red Blood Cells
- Red Blood Cell (erythrocytes)
- carry 02 towards the cells and CO2 away from cells
- NO NUCLEUS (increase SA)
- Biconcave shape (increase SA)
-Contains hemoglobin
Explain Platelets
- responsible for blood clotting
- fragments of cells in the blood
Explain White Blood Cells
- has a NUCLEUS
-responsible for fighting infections
What are the 2 types of WBC responsible for fighting infections?
- Granulocytes (neutrophils) and Monocytes = responsible for engulfing foreign particles
- Lymphocytes = forms antibodies and defense
Where are Rbc, Wbc, and Platelets produced?
Bone marrow
What is Fibrin?
Insoluble protein material that forms mesh strands around an area of injury which traps blood and forms clot
What is the process of clotting? or How is Fibrin formed
- Injury to blood vessel release substances that attract platelets
- Platelets rupture and release THROMBOPLASTIN enzyme
- thromboplastin will react to calcium ions and prothrombin to produce thrombin
- Thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen making it fibrin
5) Fibrin form mesh around injured area, trapping blood and forming clot
What are the 4 different blood types?
A
B
AB
O
What is agglutination?
When antibodies react with the same antigen type (A-antibody to A-antigen) which clumps together
What is the Universal Recipient Blood type
AB. can receive any type of blood
What is the universal donor blood type
Type O. Can give blood to anybody. there are no antibodies against O
What are RH Factor
- antigen on surface of rbc
- do not automatically have antibodies
- causes problem during 2nd pregnancy
RH+ = blood clumps (with all types)
What is the constant Body Temperature of humans
-37 celsius
What does the body do to protect from Overheating?
- Hypothalamus turns on cooling system:
- brain sensor detects high body temp
- hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to skin
- blood vessels dilate (become more open)
- increase blood flow to skin which releases the heat out of the skin
- then cooled blood returns to the internal organs - Hypothalamus also sends nerve impulses to sweat glands. Evaporation of sweat causes cooling
RESULT = body temp decrease
How does the body protect against cold?
- Hypothalamus turns on warming system
- blood vessels get narrower
- blood flow to the skin is decreased so no heat gets out - Skeletal muscles contract which causes shivering (generates heat)
RESULT: body temp increases
hypothalamus turns off heating system
What us Countercurrent?
Keeps the core warm
- Veins and artery are close to each other so heat is exchanged between them
- As the arterial blood gets closes to the hand it is cooled
- Then venous blood is warmed as it returns to the core
What organs are included in the Lymphatic System?
- Lymph Vessls
- Lymph nodes
- tonsils
- spleeb
- thymus gland
- red bone marrow
3 Main Functions of the Lymphatic System?
- Collect excess interstitial fluid or lymph and returns it to the blood stream to maintain correct water balance in the body
- Works with immune system to help the body fight against diseases
- Lacteals absorb digested fats and transport them to blood stream
What are the 3 groups for Defence System in the Body
- Physical and Chemical Barriers
- Non-Specific Defense
- Specific Defense
What is included in the Physical and Chemical Defense
- Skin (P)
- Eyelashes (P)
- Cilia (C)
- Mucus (C)
- Stomach Acid (C)
- Nose hair (P)
What is included in the Non-Specific Defense
- Neutrophils
- Monocytes
- macrophages
ingest and kill bacteria by phagocytosis
What is included in Specific Defense
- Immunity
- Antigen
- Antibody
What are the 2 Types of Lymphocytes?
- B cells mature in red bone marrow
- b cells make specific antibodies - T cells mature in thymus gland
- several types of T cells are involved in cellular immunity
What does macrophages do?
Macrophages engulf invading bacteria and breaks them down
What does helper T cells do?
recognize antigen on macrophage and send message to B cells
What do B cells do?
Produce antibodies against a specific antigen
what does memory b cells do
remember the foreign intruder for future purposes
What are killer T cells
bind to infected cells
What do suppressor t cells do
slow and supresses response time ensure normal cells do not get destroyed
What are antigens
they provide identification if cells and on pathogens located on their surface
- usually helps to recognize foreign antigens
