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Bio 20 > Chapter 2: > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Flashcards

1
Q

What is a biogeochemical cycle?

A

A route taken by water and other nutrients through the biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere

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2
Q

What are important properties of water

A
  • universal solvent
  • high melting and boiling point
  • has adhesive and cohesive properties
  • high heat capacity
  • polar molecule ( O-atom has partial negative charge | H-atom has partial positive charge)
  • Hydrogen bonds that attract each water molecule
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3
Q

Fill in the blanks:
There is a ___ amount of matter in our ecosystem, therefore chemicals must be ____ constantly

A
  • Limited
  • recycled
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4
Q

What’s the difference between the density of water and ice

A
  • Ice is less dense because when water freezes the hydrogen bonds expand which means less compact so less dense.
  • they form a crystal like structure
  • water however is more dense because hydrogen bonds are close with each other
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5
Q

What does cohesion mean

A
  • the attraction of water molecules to each other
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6
Q

What does adhesion mean

A
  • the attraction of water molecules to other substances
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7
Q

What are the main biogeochemical cycles

A
  • carbon
    -oxygen
    -nitrogen
    -phosphorus
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8
Q

What is rapid cycling

A
  • nutrients involves substance that can cyclebetween nutrient reservoirs QUICKLY
  • they are temporarily stored in nutrient reservoirs ex) soil, air, water
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9
Q

What is slow cycling

A
  • When substances accumulate and are unavailable to organisms
  • can take millions of years first these substances so be available again
    -ex) fossil fuels, carbon and oil
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10
Q

Fill in the blanks
Organisms are included in the rapid cycling of carbon and oxygen through ______ and ____

A
  • photosynthesis
  • cellular respiration
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11
Q

What is the relationship between large trees and carbon

A
  • carbon can be stored in the tree for a long period of time in their tissues
  • the carbon is then not recycled/released until the tree dies and is broke down by decomposers
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12
Q

What is the largest carbon sink in the earths biosphere

A
  • the ocean
  • it contains billion tonnes of dissolved carbon dioxide
  • other ex) forests, limestone rocks, fossil fuels
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13
Q

What are natural processes that return carbon to rapid cycling quickly

A
  • forest fires burn the carbon
  • weathering/breaking of stones
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14
Q

How can human influence carbon dioxide

A
  • burning fossil fuels releases carbon back to atmosphere increasing the levels of carbon dioxide
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15
Q

What does a nitrogen fixing bacteria do

A
  • converts N2 into ammonium NH4
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16
Q

What is mutual relationship

A
  • bacteria convert N2 to form plants can use, and plants give bacteria food
17
Q

What is ammonificstion

A
  • when breakdown of organic matter by decomposers - produced ammonium
18
Q

What is nitrifying bacteria

A
  • in the soil converts NH4 into nitrite NO2 to nitrate NO3 plants use as nitrogen source
19
Q

What is denitrification

A
  • denitrifying bacteria complete the cycle by converting nitrite or nitrate back to Nitrogen gas
20
Q

What is crop rotation

A
  • helps maintain high nitrogen content on soil
  • grow legumes (alfalfa, clover) one season (they have nitrogen fixing bacteria in their roots) and crops (corn and carrots) the next
21
Q

What cycle is not involved in the atmosphere?

A
  • the phosphorus cycle
  • found in soil and water and is released through weathering (breaking)
  • Animals can obtain phosphorus through milk grains and meat
  • producers can only use it in the form of the phosphate PO4 3-
22
Q

What is Algal Blooms : Eutrophication

A
  • results of excess nutrients (phosphate) un water
  • nutrients enter water through runoff
  • higher concentration if phosphorus increases algae
  • When the decomposers break down the excess organic matter, they take up O2 killing aquatic life
23
Q

Is the biosphere an open system

A

yes
- input energy from the sun and output heat to space

24
Q

What does productivity mean

A
  • rate at which producers capture and store energy
25
Q

What can affect productivity

A
  • rainfall/water availability
  • light availability
  • space
  • temperature
26
Q

what is stromatolites

A
  • sedumentary ricks formed from amount bacteria
  • They have black iron oxide bonds, firmed when iron combined with oxygen in the oceans
  • scientist think that iron became bound to oxygen then as more produced it escaped through the ocean and entered the atmosphere
27
Q

All organisms require ___ its an important part if proteins and vitamins

A
  • sulfur
  • when organisms die decomposers return sulfur to soul and atmosphere
28
Q

What is acid deposition

A
  • SO2 in environment reacts with H2O and O2 to produce H2SO3 (sulfurous acid) and H2SO3 sulfuric acid
  • this results to acid rain which returns sulfur to ocean and soul
29
Q

what is cyanobacteria

A
  • a photosynthetic micro-organism
  • now known as chloroplast
  • adapted to oxygen rich biosphere

Bio 20 (8 decks)

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