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Bio 20 > Cellular Resp > Flashcards

Cellular Resp Flashcards

1
Q

What does aerobic mean

A
  • with the presence of oxygen
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2
Q

Is aerobic cellular respiration. oxidation? or reduction?

A
  • oxidation
  • loss of electrons
  • take electrons from high energy molecules (glucose) and use those electrons to reduce something else (give electrons to something else)
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3
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

-oxygen

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4
Q

Does glycolysis need oxygen or no?

A

-it does not need oxygen
-it is anaerobic

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5
Q

where is glycolysis done

A
  • cytoplasm (NOT IN MITOCHONDRIA)
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6
Q

what is glycolysis

A
  • oxidation reaction
  • takes electrons from glucose to release some ATP
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7
Q

What is the stages of glycolysis

A

Step 1. Glucose (6-C) breaks down with the help of ATP (= 2ADP + 2P) . which will then form 2 PGAL-P (3-C).
Step 2. Each PGAL-P will be oxidated (lose electrons) because NAD+ molecules and 2ADP+P will be reduced (receive or gain those electrons) to lroduce NADH and 2 ATP. The rest of PGAL-P will then turn to pyruvate

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8
Q

What is the input and output of glycolysis

A

Input:
1 glucose
2 ATP
2 NAD+ (one each PGAL-P)
2ADP

Output:
2 pyruvate
4 ATP
2 NADH

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9
Q

How much is the net gain in glycolysis? how?

A

+2 ATP
- it starts with 2 ATP being used to breakdown glucose but then each PGAL-P will give electrons to 2 ADP so that equals to 4 ATP being made. 2 ADP on the left and 2 on the right = making 4

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10
Q

If the body has lack of oxygen or none where does pyruvate go?

A

No oxygen leads to fermentation
- 2 types: ethanol fermentation and lactate fermentation

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11
Q

What happens in lactate fermentation

A
  • pyruvate is reduced to form lactate
  • end product is lactate
  • occurs in complex and simple organisms
  • in complex organisms = lactate builds up in muscles can cause cramping and fatigue
  • IMPORTANT FOR THE RECYCLING OF NAD+ FOR FURTHER GLYCOLYSIS
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12
Q

What is ethanol fermentation

A
  • pyruvate us reduced to form ethanol
  • forms CO2 as well (pyruvate is a 3-C molecule and CO2 gets release which takes off 1-C so ethanol will end up with 2-C) ***2 pyruvates enter so which means theres 2 ethanols at the end of the
  • ETHANOL = 2-C molecule
  • occurs in yeast and some bacteria
  • RECYCLING OF NAD+ FOR FURTHER GLYCOLYSIS
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13
Q

Where does pyruvate go if there is oxygen

A
  • the krebs cycle
  • oxygen MUST be present
  • pyruvate will be transported from the cytoplasm inti the mitochondrial matrix
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14
Q

what is CoA?

A
  • a enzyme called CoEnzyme A
    a turns pyruvate (3-C) into acetyl CoA (activated 2-C) by removing CO2 (takes off 1-C)
    -also reduces NAD+ to NADH
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15
Q

How many carbons does Acetyl CoA have

A

2 Carbons

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16
Q

How many carbons start of the Krebs Cycle?

A
  • 4 Carbons from the end of the cycle
  • which will then be added with the 2-C from Acetyl CoA
  • all 6-C will firm CITRIC ACID
17
Q

What happens first to citric acid?

A
  • oxidized with NAD+ to form NADH
  • then the 6-C will become 5-C because of the removal of CO2
  • the removal of CO2 leaves a 5-C molecule and NADH
18
Q

What happens in the 5-C carbon in the krebs cycle?

A
  • oxidized again to form a 4-C compound (releases CO2 again)
  • Turns ADP to ATP
  • turns NAD+ to NADH
19
Q

What happens in step 4

A
  • FAD and NAD+ oxidize the remaining 4-C compound generating NADH, and FADH2 and replenishes the original 4-C compound
20
Q

What loses electrons during ETC

A
  • NADH and FADH2 loses electrons to make NADH+ and FAD
  • Those 2 will also release Hydrogens / H
21
Q

What are cytochromes

A
  • proteins that help pass the electrons down the electron transport chain
22
Q

What happens when the high energy goes diwn each step in the ETc

A
  • released ATP
    ** NADH oxidized = 3 ATP made
    ** FARH2 oxidized = 2 ATP made
  • releases H+
23
Q

What helps H+ ions move through the cristae

A
  • ATP SYNTHASE
24
Q

how much atp made for each NADH and FADH2

A
  • NADH = 3 atp
  • FADH2 = 2 atp
25
Q

How many atp is produced in the whole AEROBIC cellular respiration

A

36 atps

26
Q

how many atp produced during ANAEROBIC RESP

A
27
Q

Big difference between Lactate fermentation and ethanol fermentation

A
  • ethanol produces CO2
    whilst lactate doesnt

Bio 20 (8 decks)

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