Circulation

Question 1

Components of the circulatory system (2)

Answer 1

Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

Question 2

Functions of the circulatory system (3)

Answer 2

1) transports fluids throughout body
2) transfers essential materials between external environment and organs
3) carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste to/from cells

Question 3

Consists of the heart and blood vessels

Answer 3

cardiovascular system

Question 4

collects fluid from tissue spaces and returns it to venous circulation

Answer 4

lymphatic system

Question 5

Pulmonary circulation pumps low oxygen blood from the ______ ______ to the lungs through pulmonary arteries. Returns oxygen-rich blood to the ______ ______ of the heart via pulmonary veins

Answer 5

right ventricle; left atrium

Question 6

Are the atria superior or inferior the ventricles?

Answer 6

superior

Question 7

Systemic circulation pumps blood from the _____ _____ to all parts of the body through the aorta. Returns blood to the _____ _____ of the heart through superior and inferior vena cavae and cardiac veins

Answer 7

left ventricle; right atrium

Question 8

What does blood pass through to move from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

Answer 8

tricuspid valve

Question 9

What does blood pass through to move from the right ventricle to pulmonary arteries?

Answer 9

pulmonary valve

Question 10

What does blood pass through to move from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

Answer 10

mitral valve

Question 11

What does blood pass through to move from the left ventricle to the systemic arteries?

Answer 11

aortic valve

Question 12

Carry oxygen-rich blood under relatively high pressure from heart to body

Answer 12

arteries

Question 13

carry blood under relatively lower pressure; return low-oxygen blood to heart

Answer 13

veins

Question 14

Connect arterial and venous circulation for nutrient, oxygen, and waste exchange

Answer 14

capillaries

Question 15

Three layers of arteries and veins

Answer 15

1) Tunica adventitia
2) Tunica media
3) Tunica intima

Question 16

Outer connective tissue layer (of arteries/veins)

Answer 16

tunica adventitia

Question 17

Middle smooth muscle layer (of arteries/veins); most variable layer in thickness and amount of elastic fibers

Answer 17

tunica media

Question 18

What does the tunica media control?

Answer 18

Arterial vasomotor tone (constriction and dilation of of vessels)

Question 19

(layer around arteries/veins) Inner lining of endothelial cells (single layer) supported by delicate connective tissue; allows diffusion from lumen into vessel wall

Answer 19

tunica intima

Question 20

Receive the initial cardiac output. They have many layers of elastic fivers in the tunica media to allow expansion and recoil during the cardiac cycle. This helps maintain a constant flow of blood, minimizing changes in blood pressure as the heart contracts and relaxes

Answer 20

Large (conducting) elastic arteries

Question 21

Examples of large (conducting) elastic arteries (3)

Answer 21

1) aorta
2) arteries originating off aortic arch (left subclavian, left common carotid, brachiocephalic trunk)
3) pulmonary trunk

Question 22

Composed primarily of smooth muscle in the tunica media. This allows vessels to decrease their diameter (vasoconstrict) and regulate blood flow to different parts of the body.

Answer 22

Medium (distributing) muscular arteries. [Most named arteries incl. femoral and brachial are of this type]

Question 23

Have narrow lumina and thick muscular walls. The smooth muscle walls of these arteries control the filling of capillary beds and regulate the arterial pressure in the vascular system

Answer 23

Small arteries and arterioles

Question 24

Smallest unnamed veins that drain capillaries

Answer 24

Venules

Question 25

Venules join to form ____ ____, which empty into larger veins and unite to form _____ _____

Answer 25

small veins; venous plexuses

Question 26

Drain venous plexuses and accompany medium arteries; contain small amounts of smooth muscle

Answer 26

medium veins

Question 27

Thickest layer of medium veins

Answer 27

tunica adventitia

Question 28

Passive flaps that permit blood to flow toward the heart but not in reverse (found in medium veins)

Answer 28

venous valves

Question 29

Contain smooth muscle and a well-develop tunica adventitia. Superior/inferior cava and portal vein are exampels

Answer 29

Large veins

Question 30

Veins vs Arteries: have thin walls (esp tunica media)

Answer 30

veins

Question 31

Veins vs Arteries: have smaller luminal diameters

Answer 31

arteries

Question 32

Veins vs Arteries: pulsate and spurt blood when severed

Answer 32

arteries

Question 33

Veins vs Arteries: tend to occur as multiple vessels that accompany deep of the same name

Answer 33

veins

Question 34

Occur as multiple vessels adjacent to an artery in a common vascular sheath

Answer 34

accompanying veins

Question 35

Do not have valves to prevent backflow of blood

Answer 35

arteries

Question 36

Contain approximately 80% of blood volume due to their large diameter and ability to expan

Answer 36

veins

Question 37

Network of capillaries that connect arterioles and venules.

Answer 37

capillary beds

Question 38

Mechanisms underlying arteriole and venule end of capillary beds, respectively

Answer 38

hydrostatic pressure (forces fluid containing oxygen and nutrients out of the blood) and osmotic pressure (allows waste and CO2 to be reabsorbed into blood)

Question 39

Major named vessels of the body

Answer 39

principal vessels

Question 40

Return low-oxygen blood to the right atrium of the heart (2)

Answer 40

Superior and inferior vena cavae

Question 41

Carries low-oxygen blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. Blood passes through capillary beds in lungs and receives oxygen

Answer 41

pulmonary trunk

Question 42

Carry oxygen-rich blood into left atrium of heart

Answer 42

pulmonary veins

Question 43

carries oxygen-rich blood from left ventricle to tissues throughout body

Answer 43

aorta

Question 44

Three main arteries branch from arch of aorta

Answer 44

1) brachiocephalic trunk 2) left common carotid artery (supplies head and neck) 3) left subclavian artery (supplies upper limb)

Question 45

arteries that the brachiocephalic trunk divides into (2)

Answer 45

right subclavian and right common carotid

Question 46

Continuation of aorta into abdomen. Gives branches to abdominal organs. Divides into common iliac arteries.

Answer 46

abdominal aorta

Question 47

arteries divide into external and internal iliac. supplies blood to pelvis and lower limb

Answer 47

common iliac

Question 48

Venous system that links two capillary beds

Answer 48

portal system

Question 49

Drains blood from capillary beds of the digestive tract

Answer 49

Hepatic portal vein

Question 50

After draining blood from the digestive tract, the hepatic portal vein leads to what?

Answer 50

capillary beds (sinusoids) of the liver

Question 51

Drains blood from capillary beds at the base of the hypothalamus to a capillary plexus around the anterior pituitary gland.

Answer 51

Hypophyseal portal system

Question 52

What circulatory structure allows neurosecretory hormones from the hypothalamus to leave the blood and stimulate cells of the anterior pituitary gland to induce the release of pituitary hormones

Answer 52

hypophyseal portal system

Question 53

One-way drainage system for returning excess fluids and cellular debris to the blood stream

Answer 53

Lymphatic system

Question 54

How are large proteins that cannot pass through the capillaries transported?

Answer 54

lymphatic system

Question 55

How many liters of excess fluid from cellular spaces are returned via the lymphatic system daily?

Answer 55

3 liters

Question 56

Network of blind (closed) tubes that originate in the cellular saces of tissues; occur almost everywhere blood capillaries are found except teeth, bone, bone marrow, and the CNS; lack a basement membrane so tissue fluid, proteins, bacteria, and even whole cells enter easily

Answer 56

lymphatic capillaries

Question 57

Network of thin-walled, valve-containing vessels that occur throughout the body. [not blood]

Answer 57

lymphatic vessels

Question 58

Clear, yellowish fluid that is transported in lymph vessels

Answer 58

lymph

Question 59

Masses of lymphatic tissue that filter lymph on its way to the venous system

Answer 59

lymph nodes

Question 60

Large collecting lymphatic vessels that unite to form right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct

Answer 60

lymphatic trunks

Question 61

Both the right lymphatic and thoracic duct empty into where?

Answer 61

venous system in the neck at the junction of the internal jugular veins and the subclavian veins

Question 62

Drains lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body. Specifically, right side of head/neck/thorax and right upper limb

Answer 62

Right lymphatic duct

Question 63

Drains lymph from the rest of the body (in relation to what the right lymphatic duct drains)

Answer 63

Thoracic duct

Question 64

Large collecting sac which is a merger of lymphatic trunks draining the lower half of the body. (beginning of thoracic duct drainage)

Answer 64

cisterna chyli

Question 65

Thoracic duct ascends into and through the thorax and joins the venous system at the...

Answer 65

left venous angle (junction of the left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein)

Question 66

Most common acquired disease of the arteries that is characterized by thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls.

Answer 66

Arteriosclerosis

Question 67

Common form of the disease type it belongs to. Associated with buildup of fat and cholesterol in arterial walls

Answer 67

Atheroscelrosis

Question 68

Clot formed in a blood vessel or in a chamber of the heart that does not move to another part of the body.

Answer 68

Thrombus

Question 69

Blood clot that detaches from its place of origin and travels in the blood stream.

Answer 69

Embolus

Question 70

Obstruction of a blood vessel due to an embolus

Answer 70

embolism

Question 71

Area of ischemic necrosis due to total occlusion of an artery

Answer 71

infarct

Question 72

Partial occlusion or narrowing of an artery associated with tissue damage

Answer 72

stenosis

Question 73

Develops if muscle tonus (firmness) of arteriole smooth muscles is above normal.

Answer 73

hypertension

Question 74

What do arteriole smooth muscles control? (2)

Answer 74

1) filling of capillary beds | 2) regulate arterial pressure in the vascular system

Question 75

Abnormally swollen and dilated veins, usually ocurring in the legs. This occurs when walls of veins lose their elasticity and damged valves allow blood to pool in the veins rather than ascending to the heart.

Answer 75

varicose veins

Question 76

Swelling of tissue due to excess amount of interstitial fluid. Under normal circumstances, the lymphatic system prevents this accumulation.

Answer 76

Edema

Question 77

Regions where blood passes directly from arterial to venous sides of circulation without passing through capillaries. Found in regions of the skin (esp fingers) for temperature regulation; also found in the gut and are open except during digestion

Answer 77

Arteriovenous anastomoses (AV shunts)

Question 78

Communications between arteries that supply regions of the body. These communications can occur between multiple branches of a main artery, or between a series of smaller vessels that supply a tissue in addition to its main blood supply.

Answer 78

arterial anastomoses

Question 79

Alternate circulation to maintain blood supply to a region in the case of blockage

Answer 79

collateral circulation

Question 80

Do not anastomose with adjacent arteries. blockage of these interrupts blood flow to the organ/organ segment it supplies.

Answer 80

End arteries

Question 81

Functional end arteries supply regions of the... (4)

Answer 81

1) brain 2) liver 3) kidney 4) spleen

Question 82

What do vital organs supplied by end arteries usually develop after arterial occlusion?

Answer 82

tissue necrosis