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SF1 2 > Circulation > Flashcards

Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the circulatory system (2)

A

Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

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2
Q

Functions of the circulatory system (3)

A

1) transports fluids throughout body
2) transfers essential materials between external environment and organs
3) carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste to/from cells

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3
Q

Consists of the heart and blood vessels

A

cardiovascular system

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4
Q

collects fluid from tissue spaces and returns it to venous circulation

A

lymphatic system

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5
Q

Pulmonary circulation pumps low oxygen blood from the ______ ______ to the lungs through pulmonary arteries. Returns oxygen-rich blood to the ______ ______ of the heart via pulmonary veins

A

right ventricle; left atrium

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6
Q

Are the atria superior or inferior the ventricles?

A

superior

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7
Q

Systemic circulation pumps blood from the _____ _____ to all parts of the body through the aorta. Returns blood to the _____ _____ of the heart through superior and inferior vena cavae and cardiac veins

A

left ventricle; right atrium

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8
Q

What does blood pass through to move from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

A

tricuspid valve

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9
Q

What does blood pass through to move from the right ventricle to pulmonary arteries?

A

pulmonary valve

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10
Q

What does blood pass through to move from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

A

mitral valve

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11
Q

What does blood pass through to move from the left ventricle to the systemic arteries?

A

aortic valve

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12
Q

Carry oxygen-rich blood under relatively high pressure from heart to body

A

arteries

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13
Q

carry blood under relatively lower pressure; return low-oxygen blood to heart

A

veins

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14
Q

Connect arterial and venous circulation for nutrient, oxygen, and waste exchange

A

capillaries

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15
Q

Three layers of arteries and veins

A

1) Tunica adventitia
2) Tunica media
3) Tunica intima

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16
Q

Outer connective tissue layer (of arteries/veins)

A

tunica adventitia

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17
Q

Middle smooth muscle layer (of arteries/veins); most variable layer in thickness and amount of elastic fibers

A

tunica media

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18
Q

What does the tunica media control?

A

Arterial vasomotor tone (constriction and dilation of of vessels)

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19
Q

(layer around arteries/veins) Inner lining of endothelial cells (single layer) supported by delicate connective tissue; allows diffusion from lumen into vessel wall

A

tunica intima

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20
Q

Receive the initial cardiac output. They have many layers of elastic fivers in the tunica media to allow expansion and recoil during the cardiac cycle. This helps maintain a constant flow of blood, minimizing changes in blood pressure as the heart contracts and relaxes

A

Large (conducting) elastic arteries

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21
Q

Examples of large (conducting) elastic arteries (3)

A

1) aorta
2) arteries originating off aortic arch (left subclavian, left common carotid, brachiocephalic trunk)
3) pulmonary trunk

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22
Q

Composed primarily of smooth muscle in the tunica media. This allows vessels to decrease their diameter (vasoconstrict) and regulate blood flow to different parts of the body.

A

Medium (distributing) muscular arteries. [Most named arteries incl. femoral and brachial are of this type]

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23
Q

Have narrow lumina and thick muscular walls. The smooth muscle walls of these arteries control the filling of capillary beds and regulate the arterial pressure in the vascular system

A

Small arteries and arterioles

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24
Q

Smallest unnamed veins that drain capillaries

A

Venules

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25
Q

Venules join to form ____ ____, which empty into larger veins and unite to form _____ _____

A

small veins; venous plexuses

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26
Q

Drain venous plexuses and accompany medium arteries; contain small amounts of smooth muscle

A

medium veins

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27
Q

Thickest layer of medium veins

A

tunica adventitia

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28
Q

Passive flaps that permit blood to flow toward the heart but not in reverse (found in medium veins)

A

venous valves

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29
Q

Contain smooth muscle and a well-develop tunica adventitia. Superior/inferior cava and portal vein are exampels

A

Large veins

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30
Q

Veins vs Arteries: have thin walls (esp tunica media)

A

veins

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31
Q

Veins vs Arteries: have smaller luminal diameters

A

arteries

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32
Q

Veins vs Arteries: pulsate and spurt blood when severed

A

arteries

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33
Q

Veins vs Arteries: tend to occur as multiple vessels that accompany deep of the same name

A

veins

34
Q

Occur as multiple vessels adjacent to an artery in a common vascular sheath

A

accompanying veins

35
Q

Do not have valves to prevent backflow of blood

A

arteries

36
Q

Contain approximately 80% of blood volume due to their large diameter and ability to expan

A

veins

37
Q

Network of capillaries that connect arterioles and venules.

A

capillary beds

38
Q

Mechanisms underlying arteriole and venule end of capillary beds, respectively

A

hydrostatic pressure (forces fluid containing oxygen and nutrients out of the blood) and osmotic pressure (allows waste and CO2 to be reabsorbed into blood)

39
Q

Major named vessels of the body

A

principal vessels

40
Q

Return low-oxygen blood to the right atrium of the heart (2)

A

Superior and inferior vena cavae

41
Q

Carries low-oxygen blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. Blood passes through capillary beds in lungs and receives oxygen

A

pulmonary trunk

42
Q

Carry oxygen-rich blood into left atrium of heart

A

pulmonary veins

43
Q

carries oxygen-rich blood from left ventricle to tissues throughout body

A

aorta

44
Q

Three main arteries branch from arch of aorta

A

1) brachiocephalic trunk
2) left common carotid artery (supplies head and neck)
3) left subclavian artery (supplies upper limb)

45
Q

arteries that the brachiocephalic trunk divides into (2)

A

right subclavian and right common carotid

46
Q

Continuation of aorta into abdomen. Gives branches to abdominal organs. Divides into common iliac arteries.

A

abdominal aorta

47
Q

arteries divide into external and internal iliac. supplies blood to pelvis and lower limb

A

common iliac

48
Q

Venous system that links two capillary beds

A

portal system

49
Q

Drains blood from capillary beds of the digestive tract

A

Hepatic portal vein

50
Q

After draining blood from the digestive tract, the hepatic portal vein leads to what?

A

capillary beds (sinusoids) of the liver

51
Q

Drains blood from capillary beds at the base of the hypothalamus to a capillary plexus around the anterior pituitary gland.

A

Hypophyseal portal system

52
Q

What circulatory structure allows neurosecretory hormones from the hypothalamus to leave the blood and stimulate cells of the anterior pituitary gland to induce the release of pituitary hormones

A

hypophyseal portal system

53
Q

One-way drainage system for returning excess fluids and cellular debris to the blood stream

A

Lymphatic system

54
Q

How are large proteins that cannot pass through the capillaries transported?

A

lymphatic system

55
Q

How many liters of excess fluid from cellular spaces are returned via the lymphatic system daily?

A

3 liters

56
Q

Network of blind (closed) tubes that originate in the cellular saces of tissues; occur almost everywhere blood capillaries are found except teeth, bone, bone marrow, and the CNS; lack a basement membrane so tissue fluid, proteins, bacteria, and even whole cells enter easily

A

lymphatic capillaries

57
Q

Network of thin-walled, valve-containing vessels that occur throughout the body. [not blood]

A

lymphatic vessels

58
Q

Clear, yellowish fluid that is transported in lymph vessels

A

lymph

59
Q

Masses of lymphatic tissue that filter lymph on its way to the venous system

A

lymph nodes

60
Q

Large collecting lymphatic vessels that unite to form right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct

A

lymphatic trunks

61
Q

Both the right lymphatic and thoracic duct empty into where?

A

venous system in the neck at the junction of the internal jugular veins and the subclavian veins

62
Q

Drains lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body. Specifically, right side of head/neck/thorax and right upper limb

A

Right lymphatic duct

63
Q

Drains lymph from the rest of the body (in relation to what the right lymphatic duct drains)

A

Thoracic duct

64
Q

Large collecting sac which is a merger of lymphatic trunks draining the lower half of the body. (beginning of thoracic duct drainage)

A

cisterna chyli

65
Q

Thoracic duct ascends into and through the thorax and joins the venous system at the…

A

left venous angle (junction of the left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein)

66
Q

Most common acquired disease of the arteries that is characterized by thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls.

A

Arteriosclerosis

67
Q

Common form of the disease type it belongs to. Associated with buildup of fat and cholesterol in arterial walls

A

Atheroscelrosis

68
Q

Clot formed in a blood vessel or in a chamber of the heart that does not move to another part of the body.

A

Thrombus

69
Q

Blood clot that detaches from its place of origin and travels in the blood stream.

A

Embolus

70
Q

Obstruction of a blood vessel due to an embolus

A

embolism

71
Q

Area of ischemic necrosis due to total occlusion of an artery

A

infarct

72
Q

Partial occlusion or narrowing of an artery associated with tissue damage

A

stenosis

73
Q

Develops if muscle tonus (firmness) of arteriole smooth muscles is above normal.

A

hypertension

74
Q

What do arteriole smooth muscles control? (2)

A

1) filling of capillary beds

2) regulate arterial pressure in the vascular system

75
Q

Abnormally swollen and dilated veins, usually ocurring in the legs. This occurs when walls of veins lose their elasticity and damged valves allow blood to pool in the veins rather than ascending to the heart.

A

varicose veins

76
Q

Swelling of tissue due to excess amount of interstitial fluid. Under normal circumstances, the lymphatic system prevents this accumulation.

A

Edema

77
Q

Regions where blood passes directly from arterial to venous sides of circulation without passing through capillaries. Found in regions of the skin (esp fingers) for temperature regulation; also found in the gut and are open except during digestion

A

Arteriovenous anastomoses (AV shunts)

78
Q

Communications between arteries that supply regions of the body. These communications can occur between multiple branches of a main artery, or between a series of smaller vessels that supply a tissue in addition to its main blood supply.

A

arterial anastomoses

79
Q

Alternate circulation to maintain blood supply to a region in the case of blockage

A

collateral circulation

80
Q

Do not anastomose with adjacent arteries. blockage of these interrupts blood flow to the organ/organ segment it supplies.

A

End arteries

81
Q

Functional end arteries supply regions of the… (4)

A

1) brain
2) liver
3) kidney
4) spleen

82
Q

What do vital organs supplied by end arteries usually develop after arterial occlusion?

A

tissue necrosis

SF1 2 (11 decks)

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