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U5 Neuroscience > Chronobilogy/ Sleep and Waking > Flashcards

Chronobilogy/ Sleep and Waking Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of the sleep cycle?

A

stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, stage 4, stage 3, stage 2, REM, stage 2 etc

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2
Q

How do the sleep stages shift as the night goes on?

A

more REM sleep, less stage 4 sleep

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3
Q

What waves are associated with awake EEG? awake but drowsy?

A

Beta waves

alpha waves

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4
Q

What waves are associated with stage 1?

A

theta waves

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5
Q

What waves are associated with stage 2?

A

theta waves and kappa waves, as well as sleep spindles

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6
Q

What waves are associated with stage 3?

A

delta waves (20-50% of EEG)

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7
Q

What waves are associated with stage 4?

A

delta waves (over 50%)

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8
Q

What stage is restorative sleep?

A

stage 4

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9
Q

What do REM waves look like?

A

look like awake waves, with sawtooth waves too sometimes

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10
Q

What dominates in REM sleep? What NT is used for this tone to dominate?

A

sympathetic tone, brain uses NE to make brain more awake even though youre asleep

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11
Q

How does sleep shift across the lifespan?

A

quantity of sleep decreases, lose stage 3 and 4 sleep

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12
Q

What is melatonin produced by and in response to what stimulus?

A

produced by pineal gland with loss of light (uninhibition of pineal gland)

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13
Q

What do the MT1 and MT2 receptors for melatonin do?

A

MT1- lowers brain activity and arousal by suppressing sympathetic drive and RAS
MT2- facilitates 24 hr circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus

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14
Q

How does cortisol affect sleep?

A

it peaks in the morning to help awakening, links hypothalamic-pituitary axis to circadian system

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15
Q

What chemicals are wakefulness chemicals? (6)

A

Ach, glu, NE, DA, 5HT, histamine

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16
Q

What does the basal forebrain (BF) release?

A

Ach during wakefulness and sleep
GABA to inhibit inhibitory neurons in sleep promoting centers
(promotes wakefulness while lowering sleepiness)

17
Q

What does the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei (LDT/PPT) in the pons release?

A

Ach to promote wakefulness

18
Q

What does NE do? Where is it released from?

A

optimizes attention and task performance while awake, excessive firing causes insomnia and anxiety at night
released from LC

19
Q

How are blood pressure meds used to treat insomnia?

A

decrease sympathetic activation to lower effect of NE and lessen nightmares and anxiety

20
Q

What releases histamine?

A

tuberomamillary nucleus

21
Q

What does the H1 receptor do? H3?

A

H1- leads to wakefulness when stimulated

H3- autoreceptor that inhibits histamine activity to promote sleep

22
Q

What does stimulating H1 or blocking H3 cause?

A

wakefulness

23
Q

Where is serotonin (5HT) released from? What does it generally do?

A

dorsal raphe nucleus, promotes wakefulness and inhibits REM

24
Q

What is the circadian clock gene?

A

5HT 7

25
Q

Dopamine produced from the substantia nigra does what? from the ventral tegmental area? from the periaqueductal gray?

A
  • SN–> promotes movement
  • VTA–> promotes reward
  • PAG–> wakefulness
26
Q

Is orexin part of the reticular activating system?

A

no, it runs parallel to it and stimulates it when it falters to sustain wakefulness

27
Q

Where is orexin made? What does it act on?

A

lateral hypothalamus, acts on LC and TMN

28
Q

What does the thalamus do in regulating wakefulness/sleep?

A

coordinates and gates the separate but interacting arousal systems, integrates the systems to spit out either glu or gaba to cortex

29
Q

Does RAS incrementally increase wakefulness chemicals or do so in an all or none fashion?

A

incrementally increases (acts like a light dimmer)

30
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

master switch for sleep/wakefulness, dampens TMN and RAS

31
Q

What does the orexin system act as?

A

backup generator if TMN or RAS falters

32
Q

What are TMN and VLPO? Do they act incrementally or in all or none fashion?

A

TMN- wake center, VLPO- sleep center

wake/sleep on/off switch, act in all or none fashion

U5 Neuroscience (35 decks)

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