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U5 Neuroscience > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What are the motor functions of vermis? non-motor?

A

motor- balance, eye movements, reflexes

nonmotor- autonomic arousal, limbic regulation

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2
Q

What are the motor functions of paravermis? nonmotor?

A

motor- sensorimotor integration, movement execution

nonmotor- simple verbal response to commands

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3
Q

What are the motor functions of lateral hemisphere (includes dentate nucleus)? nonmotor?

A

motor- prep and planning of eye movements, fine motor dexterity, imagined movements
nonmotor- verbal association, rule-based learning, working memory, problem solving, monitoring performance, temporal perception

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4
Q

What are the names for these regions- vermis, floculus/nodulus, lateral hemisphere- based on source of strongest input?

A

vermis- spinocerebellum
flocculus/nodulus- vestibulocerebellum
lateral- cerebrocerebellum

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5
Q

What are the 3 basic elements that compose the cerebellum?

A

cerebellar cortex, deep cerebellar nuclei, large white matter tracts

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6
Q

What are the 6 neuron types in cerebellar cortex?

A

granule, golgi, purkinje, stellate, basket, lugaro

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7
Q

What are the 2 neurons in deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

projection neurons, interneurons

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8
Q

What are the 3 layers of cerebellar cortex?

A

molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer, granule cell layer

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9
Q

What do Purkinje cells project to? Is it inhibitory or excitatory synapse?

A

deep output nuclei, inhibitory

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10
Q

What synapses on granule cells? Say where they are from and whether it is excitatory or inhibitory.

A

mossy fibers from pontine nuclei- excitatory
mossy fibers from RF, vestibular nuclei, spinal cord- excitatory
NE, DA, 5HT, ACh- excitatory
golgi cells- inhibitory

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11
Q

What synapses on Purkinje cells?

A

climbing fibers from inferior olive- excitatory

parallel fibers from granule cells- excitatory

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12
Q

What does the deep output nuclei project to? (3) tell whether excitatory or inhibitory.

A

VA/VL of thalamus- excitatory
inferior olive- inhibitory
red nucleus magnocellular path (rubrospinal tract)

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13
Q

What projects to the deep output nuclei?

A

purkinje cell- inhibitory

inferior olive- excitatory

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14
Q

Trace the path from purkinje cells to cortex.

A

Purkinje cell inhibits deep nuclei, which powerfully activate the thalamus and motor cortex

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15
Q

What are the AP types for purkinje cells?

A

simple spike and complex spike

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16
Q

What input to Purkinje cells cause simple spikes? Describe simple spikes.

A

parallel fibers from granule cell, predictable APs in response to specific aspects of movement

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17
Q

What do simple spikes reflect?

A

moment to moment changes in behavior

18
Q

What is the efference copy?

A

copy of commands for movement

19
Q

What is the reafference copy?

A

expected sensory info coming back from body part being used

20
Q

Where does the dorsal spinocerebellar tract arise from and what info does it carry?

A

from clarke’s nucleus, carries reafference info from lower limbs

21
Q

Where does the ventral spinocerebellar tract arise from and what info does it carry?

A

from the ventral horn, efference copy for lower limbs

22
Q

Where does the cuneocerebellar tract arise from and what info does it carry?

A

from the accessory cuneate nucleus, carries reafferance info from upper limbs

23
Q

Where does the rostral spinocerebellar tract arise from and what info does it carry?

A

from the ventral horn, efference copy for the upper limbs

24
Q

What input to Purkinje cells causes complex spikes? Describe complex spikes.

A

climbing fibers from inferior olive, single AP in IO causes long lasting purkinje cell depolarization resulting in 5 APs and causes Purkinje cell to be refractory to parallel fiber activation during it and in afterhyperpolariation after it occurs

25
Q

What does the complex spike reflect?

A

occurence of unexpected stimuli/errors

-it is possible to modulate a reflex with an error signal to turn it off, case of rapid learning

26
Q

What does a lateral cerebellar lesion cause?

A

asthenia, atonia, ataxia, dysmetria, intention tremor, asynergia, decomposition of movement, dysdiadochokinesia

27
Q

What is asynergia?

A

difficulty coordinating muscle actions

28
Q

What is decomposition of movement?

A

normal complex movements broken down into single movements around a joint

29
Q

What exogenous substance can produce similar effects to lateral cerebellar lesion?

A

alcohol

30
Q

What is scanning speech?

A

articulation is problematic, have stacatto, decomposed sentences

31
Q

Does the cerebellum have somatotopy?

A

yes, has fractured somatotopy connected by horizontal parallel fibers

32
Q

Is information organized somatotopically in the VL thalamus from the deep output nuclei?

A

yes

33
Q

Where is the cerebellar microexcitatory zone? What does pacemaking this treat?

A

in the thalamus, treats essential tremor

34
Q

How does the cerebellum cause adaptive modification of behavior?

A

through error signals, it can modify commands for movements to optimize outcome (can do it for nonmotor too)

35
Q

Does the cerebellum contribute to language and cognitive function? If yes, what proves it?

A

yes, there are reciprocal interconnections to the frontal lobe
-retrograde transneuronal transport of HSV1 showed connections from cerebellum to prefrontal cortex via thalamus

36
Q

What output nucleus and area of the cerebellum is active in the insanely difficult task?

A

dentate, lateral cerebellum

area is very involved in complex processing

37
Q

What nonmotor deficits happen with a PICA lesion due to cerebellum deficits?

A

failure in rule-based language tasks, failure in error detection and practice related improvement

38
Q

What is an essential tremor caused by?

A

excess activity at inferior olive, causes complex spikes of purkinje so they go refractory which promotes deep nuclei output, also has direct connection to deep nuclei output to excite it

39
Q

How can you distinguish essential tremor from parkinsons?

A

alcohol/barbituates stop it

-alcohol acts as glu antagonist/gaba agonist at deep nuclei to dampen output to decrease thalamic output to cortex

40
Q

How can you treat essential tremor?

A

thalamtomy, deep brain stimulation of VPL thalamus to pacemake it in the microexcitatory zone

41
Q

Do lesions in the cerebellum cause a loss of function?

A

no, they cause impairments in quality of movement and other functions

U5 Neuroscience (35 decks)

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