Association Cortex

Question 1

What are the areas of cortex besides the primary sensory and motor areas?

Answer 1

association areas

Question 2

What is the temporal association cortex specialized for?

Answer 2

visual forms, objects, textures

Question 3

What is the parietal association cortex specialized for?

Answer 3

visuospatial awareness (attention), visuomotor transformations (intention), somethesis

Question 4

What is the frontal association cortex specialized for?

Answer 4

spatial and object working memory, planning, withholding responses

Question 5

How can you see how association cortices are organized?

Answer 5

staining

Question 6

How many layers do association areas have?

Answer 6

at least 5, usually 6

Question 7

Where do layers 1 and 2 project?

Answer 7

other cortical areas

Question 8

Where does layer 3 project?

Answer 8

other cortical areas and opposite hemisphere

Question 9

What happens with lesions of the upper cortex? Does it affect descending pathways?

Answer 9

disrupts project within the cortex only, doesnt injure descending path

Question 10

Where do layers 4 and 5 project?

Answer 10

subcortical structures (striatum, superior colliculus)

Question 11

Where does layer 6 project?

Answer 11

thalamus

Question 12

What layer does thalamic input go into?

Answer 12

layer 4

Question 13

What is the ventral stream?

Answer 13

who/what pathway, in temporal lobe

Question 14

What is the dorsal stream?

Answer 14

when/where pathway, in parietal lobe

Question 15

Trace the dorsal stream

Answer 15

visual info from occipital–>posterior parietal–> dorsal prefrontal regions (spatial working memory) and dorsal premotor areas–> proximal muscles for reach

Question 16

What does spatial working memory do?

Answer 16

remembers where target is, even if not visible anymore

Question 17

Trace the ventral stream

Answer 17

visual info from foveal representation–>infratemporal cortex–>object working memory and ventral premotor area–>distal muscles for grasp

Question 18

What does object working memory do?

Answer 18

remembers what somethign is even if you dont see it again

Question 19

Where are face cells?

Answer 19

inferior temporal cortex

Question 20

Where are mirror neurons located? What do they do?

Answer 20

in temporal lobe, association for learning, learn by imitation

Question 21

What is agnosia?

Answer 21

impaired object recognition

Question 22

What is achromatopsia?

Answer 22

impaired color recognition (part of ventral stream in V4)

Question 23

What is prosopagnosia?

Answer 23

impaired face recognition

Question 24

What is alexia?

Answer 24

impaired word recognition

Question 25

What is receptive aphasia?

Answer 25

impaired word interpretation

Question 26

What is expressive aphasia?

Answer 26

impaired word usage

Question 27

What is apraxia?

Answer 27

impaired object utilization/tool use deficits

Question 28

What drives cells in the parietal association areas?

Answer 28

attention to target for intention to go towards target

Question 29

What does damage to parietal association area cause?

Answer 29

hemineglect

Question 30

What activates the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 30

tasks that require generation of working memory

Question 31

What is the physiological substrate of working memory?

Answer 31

activity in dorsolateral prefrontal area in working memory cells

Question 32

What is metacognition? Where is it found?

Answer 32

integration of sensory info and pausing/withholding motor response if necessary and monitoring outcomes
done in prefrontal cortex

Question 33

What does damage to the prefrontal cortex cause?

Answer 33

area-dependent deficits

can be emotional, cognitive, motor, oculomotor, verbal, problems withholding improper responses

Question 34

What are syndromes with deficits in working memory and planning? Where are changes seen in brain?

Answer 34

schizophrenia, ADHD

don’t activate prefrontal cortex