Chronic Renal Failure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common causes of CKD?

A

Glomerulonephritis

DM

Renovascular disease

HBP

Pyelonephritis

Obstructive causes

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2
Q

What are rare causes of CKD?

A
Myeloma
SLE
Amyloidosis
Vasculitis
Alport's syndrome
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3
Q

What is CKD?

A

Long term reduction in GFR

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4
Q

What is stage 1 CKD?

A

GFR > 90%

other evidence of renal damage

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5
Q

What is stage 2 CKD?

A

GFR 60 - 90%

other evidence of renal damage

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6
Q

What is stage 3 CKD?

A

GFR 30 - 60

w/ or w/o evidence of renal damage

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7
Q

What is stage 4 CKD?

A

GFR 15 - 30

w/ or w/o evidence of renal damage

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8
Q

What is stage 5 CKD?

A

GFR <15

Established renal failure

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9
Q

At what stage do symptoms occur?

A

Stage 3/4

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of CKD? (not of the causes)

A

Fatigue

Anorexia

Metallic taste

Pruritis

Restless legs

Bone pain

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11
Q

Signs of CKD?

A

Pallor

Yellowish skin

Brown nails

HBP

Bruising

Diabetes

Pulmonary/pericardial oedema

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12
Q

Tests?

A

Urine

  • Dipstick
  • > Haematuria
  • > Proteinuria
  • MC&S
  • > rule out infection

Renal Ultrasound

  • Exclude obstruction
  • Assess kidney size
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13
Q

What size are the kidneys in CKD (without DM causes)?

A

Small

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14
Q

What bloodwork findings are there?

A

Low Hb

Creatinine and urea raised (indicative of progression)

Low calcium

High PTH

High phosphate

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15
Q

What is the main style of treatment?

A

Symptomatic

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16
Q

Treatment of HBP?

A

ACE-i

17
Q

Treatment of hyperlipidaemia?

A

Statin

18
Q

Treatment of oedema?

A

High dose loop diuretics

19
Q

How is the calcium homeostasis fixed?

A

Increase Ca or remove phosphate

  • Vit D analogue
  • Phosphate binders
  • > calcichew
20
Q

Surgical treatment?

A

Dialysis

Renal transplant

21
Q

What should be stopped immediately?

A

Nephrotoxic drugs

22
Q

What are signs of late CKD?

A

Arrhythmia (calcium)
Seizures
- Encephalopathy