Acute Renal Failure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three classes of causes of AKI?

A

Pre renal

Intrinsic

Post renal

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2
Q

What is the pathology of the pre renal causes?

A

Hypoperfusion of kidney tissue

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3
Q

What causes are there of pre renal AKI?

A

Sepsis

Hypovolaemia

Cardiac failure

Hypertensive medication

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4
Q

What is the pathology of intrinsic causes?

A

Damage to renal parenchyma

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5
Q

What are the causes of intrinsic AKI?

A

Acute tubular necrosis

Glomerulonephritis

Drugs

Radiocontrast nephropathy

Myeloma

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6
Q

What is the pathology of post renal AKI?

A

Obstruction of the urinary tract

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7
Q

What are the causes of post renal AKI?

A

Stones

Prostatism

Tumours

Retroperitoneal fibrosis

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8
Q

What is the definition of AKI?

A

Rapid loss of glomerular filtration and tubular function over hours or days

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of AKI?

A

Symptoms of the causes

  • Oliguria (may be only sign)
  • Pain
  • Haematuria
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10
Q

Initial tests?

A

Dipstick
- Rule out infective causes

Renal ultrasound

Renal biopsy if glomerularnephritis suspected

Bloods

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11
Q

What must be done before renal biopsy?

A

Clotting screen

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12
Q

What blood tests should be done (one really important one)?

A

POTASSIUM LEVELS
- Hyperkalaemia very dangerous complication

FBC

CK

ESR

Serum immunoglobulins

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13
Q

What blood test is indicative of progression?

A

Creatinine kinase

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14
Q

What serum immunoglobulins should be tested?

A

c-ANCA

p-ANCA

antiGBM

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15
Q

Surgical management if in urinary retention?

A

Catheterise

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16
Q

What is the general treatment?

A

Treat the cause
- Hopefully will improve renal function

STOP NEPHROTOXIC DRUGS

Fluid balance chart

17
Q

What are the immediately dangerous consequences of AKI?

A

A - acidosis (arrest)

E - electrolyte imbalances

I - Intoxication

O - overload of fluid

U - uraemic complication

18
Q

How can pre renal causes and acute tubular necrosis be differentiated from each other?

A

Pre renal still produces concentrated urine with retained sodium