Chronic Complications of Diabetes

Question 1

Damage to blood vessels secondary to chronic hyperglycemia

Answer 1

Angiopathy

Question 2

Diseases of large and medium-sized blood vessels

Answer 2

i. Cerebrovascular disease
ii. Cardiovascular disease
iii. Peripheral vascular disease

Question 3

Thickening of vessel membranes in capillaries and arterioles from chronic hyperglycemia

Answer 3

Microvascular Complications

Question 4

Microvascular Complications; Areas most affected:

Answer 4

i. Eyes—retinopathy
ii. Kidneys—nephropathy
iii. Nerves—neuropathy

Question 5

Microvascular damage to retina due to chronic hyperglycemia, nephropathy, and HTN

Answer 5

Retinopathy

Question 6

Retinopathy: Care

Answer 6

a. Initially no changes in vision
b. Annual eye examinations with dilation to monitor
c. Maintain healthy blood glucose levels and manage hypertension

Question 7

Risk factors for nephropathy

Answer 7

i. Hypertension
ii. Genetics
iii. Smoking
iv. Chronic hyperglycemia

Question 8

Most common neuropathy

Answer 8

sensory

Question 9

Most common form of neuropathy

Answer 9

Distal symmetric polyneuropathy “stocking-glove neuropathy”

Question 10

Distal symmetric polyneuropathy treatment

Answer 10

i. Manage blood glucose levels

ii. Drug therapy

Question 11

Autonomic Neuropathy can lead too

Answer 11

Hypoglycemic unawareness
bowel incontinence diarrhea
urinary retention

Question 12

Skin complications

Answer 12

Diabetic dermopathy

Red-Down, round or oval patches

Question 13

manifestation of insulin resistance

Answer 13

Acanthosis nigerians

Question 14

Glycemic control challenges for older individuals

Answer 14

i. Increased hypoglycemic unawareness
ii. Functional limitations
iii. Coexisting medical problems
iv. Cognitive decline

Question 15

Distal symmetric polyneuropathy s/s

Answer 15

Loss of sensation

Pain-burning, cramping, crushing, tearing; worse @ night

Question 16

Emptying bladder for autonomic neuropathy

Answer 16

use Credé’s maneuver