chronic adaptations (SAC 7) Flashcards
how to answer Q’s (SPPD)
S - structural chnage (what has occurred)
P - physiological chnage/ benefit (change within the system)
P - performance benefit (therefore? Benefit to athlete)
D - data if required/available (substantiate your response)
aerobic cardiovascular adaptations
- heart rate changes
- increased stroke volume
- cardiac output
- increased plasma volume & haemoglobin
- increased capillary density
heart rate changes
STRUCTURE/FUNCTIONAL CHANGE
- lower HR
- faster return to RHR after exercise (decreased EPOC)
PHYSIOLOGY/PERFORMANCE
- Increased left ventricular cavity size leads to greater efficiency of the heart per beat
- leads to lower HR at any intensity
- we are able to distribute more O2 per minute
- This allows a greater ability to work more efficiently at any given intensity
increased stroke volume
STRUCTURE/FUNCTIONAL CHANGE
- Higher Stroke Volume
PHYSIOLOGY/PERFORMANCE
- Increased left ventricular cavity size leads to greater efficiency of the heart per beat
- leads to more blood being pumped out per beat (Increased SV)
- we are able to distribute more O2 per minute
- This allows a greater ability to work more efficiently at any given intensity
cardiac output
STRUCTURE/FUNCTIONAL CHANGE
- Little to no change to Q at rest
- Increased Q at max intensity
PHYSIOLOGY/PERFORMANCE
- Increased left ventricular cavity size leads to greater efficiency of the heart per beat
- leads to more blood being pumped out per beat (Increased SV)
- we are able to distribute more O2 per minute
- This allows a greater ability to work more efficiently at any given intensity
increased plasma volume & haemoglobin
STRUCTURE/FUNCTIONAL CHANGE
- Increase in blood volume and Haemoglobin density
PHYSIOLOGY/PERFORMANCE
- Increased Haemoglobin content will lead to greater distribution of O2 to the working muscles
- meaning more efficient aerobic energy production
- This allows a greater ability to work more efficiently at any given intensity
increased capillary density
STRUCTURE/FUNCTIONAL CHANGE
- Increased capillary network
PHYSIOLOGY/PERFORMANCE
- An increase network of capillaries will lead to greater uptake and utilisation of O2.
- meaning more efficient aerobic energy production
- This allows a greater ability to work more efficiently at any given intensity
aerobic respiratory adaptations
- increased tidal volume
- decreased respiratory rate
- oxygen consumption (VO2-ventilation)
increased tidal volume
STRUCTURE/FUNCTIONAL CHANGE
- Increased TV
PHYSIOLOGY/PERFORMANCE
- Due to an increased alveoli/capillary network, there are more sites available for pulmonary diffusion to occur.
- Therefore, greater O2 being up taken per breath.
- Essentially, we are able to distribute more O2 per minute.
- This allows a greater ability to work more efficiently at any given intensity
decreased respiratory rate
STRUCTURE/FUNCTIONAL CHANGE
- Lower RBR
- Faster return to RBR (Decreased EPOC)
PHYSIOLOGY/PERFORMANCE
- Increased lung volume & vital capacity leads to greater efficiency of the respiratory system
- This leads to lower Breathing Rates at any given intensity.
- Essentially, we are able to distribute more O2 per minute.
- This allows a greater ability to work more efficiently at any given intensity
- oxygen consumption (VO2-ventilation)
STRUCTURE/FUNCTIONAL CHANGE
- Stays the same at rest and sub-max intensities
- Increases at higher aerobic and maximal intensities
PHYSIOLOGY/PERFORMANCE
- Due to an increased alveoli/capillary network, there are more sites available for pulmonary diffusion to occur.
- Therefore, greater O2 being up taken per breath.
- Essentially, we are able to distribute more O2 per minute.
- This allows a greater ability to work more efficiently at any given intensity
aerobic muscular adaptations
- increased size and number of mitochondria
- increased number of myoglobin
- increased oxidative enzymes
- increased aerobic fuel stores
- fat oxidation (metabolism of triglycerides)
- lactate
- increased A-VO2 difference
increased size and number of mitochondria
STRUCTURE/FUNCTIONAL CHANGE
- Greater amount of mitochondria within the muscle cells
PHYSIOLOGY/PERFORMANCE
- Consistent aerobic training will lead to an increase in the size and amount of mitochondria.
- leading to a greater ability to produce energy aerobically at any given intensity.
- This allows a greater ability to work more efficiently at any given intensity
increased number of myoglobin
STRUCTURE/FUNCTIONAL CHANGE
- Increased myoglobin within the muscle cells
PHYSIOLOGY/PERFORMANCE
- Myoglobin essentially receive the O2 off the Haemoglobin and deliver it to the mitochondria for aerobic respiration (ATP Production)
- An increased amount of myoglobin will help facilitate Aerobic Energy Production.
increased oxidative enzymes
STRUCTURE/FUNCTIONAL CHANGE
- More oxidative enzymes are available within the working muscles
PHYSIOLOGY/PERFORMANCE
- due to enzymes catalysing chemical reactions
- If we have increased oxidative enzymes, we can not only produce more ATP, but we can also do it way faster and more efficiently.
- This allows a greater ability to work more efficiently at any given intensity