Chpt 8 (The Social World) [Middle Childhood]

Question 1

Industry vs Inferiority (Erikson)

Answer 1

Erikson’s fourth of eight psychosocial crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves; they are either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent.

Question 2

Social Comparison

Answer 2

The tendency to assess one’s abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one’s peers. (This ties in with industry vs inferiority. Children will compare themselves to others and either feel competent or inferior.)

Question 3

Resilience

Answer 3

The capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress.

Question 4

Parentification

Answer 4

When a child acts more like a parent than a child. This may occur if the actual parents don’t act as caregivers, making the child responsible for the family.

Question 5

Family Structures

Answer 5

*Family Structure: The legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home. Possible structures include nuclear, extended, step, or single-parent families.
*Standard North American Family (SNAF): A family with a mother and father and their biological children (no longer the norm in the US)
*Extended Family: A family of relatives in addition to the nuclear family, usually 3+ generations living in one household.

Question 6

Family Functions

Answer 6

*Family Functions: The way a family works to meet the needs of its members.
*Needs of Children: Physical necessities, learning, self-respect, peer relationships, harmony and stability.
*Cohabitation: An arrangement in which a couple lives together in a committed romantic relationship, but are not formally married.

Question 7

The Peer Group

Answer 7

*Child Culture: The idea that each group of children has games, sayings, clothing styles, and superstitions that aren’t common among adults; just as every culture has distinct values, behaviors, and beliefs.
*Aggressive-Rejected: A type of childhood rejection due to a child’s aggressive and confrontational behavior
*Withdrawn-Rejected: A type of childhood rejection due to the child being timid, withdrawn, and anxious.
*Neglected not Rejected: Not rejected but often ignored.

Question 8

Bullying

Answer 8

*Bullying: Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm on other people through physical, verbal, or social attacks on a weaker person.
*Bully-Victims: Someone who attacks others and who is attacked as well.

Question 9

Kohlberg’s Three Levels of Moral Reasoning

Answer 9

1. Preconventional Moral Reasoning: Emphasizes rewards and punishments
2. Conventional Moral Reasoning: Emphasizes social rules
3. Postconventional Moral Reasoning: Emphasizes moral principles.