Chpt 3 (Body and Mind) [Infant]

Question 1

Axon

Answer 1

A fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their neurons.

Question 2

Babbling

Answer 2

An infant’s repetition of certain syllables that begins when babies are between 6-9 months. (Ba-ba-ba for example)

Question 3

Cortex

Answer 3

The outer layers of the brain in humans and other mammals. Most thinking, feeling, and sensing involves the cortex.

Question 4

Dendrite

Answer 4

A fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons.

Question 5

Fine Motor Skills

Answer 5

Physical abilities involving small body movements (Fine=Small)

Question 6

Gross Motor Skill

Answer 6

Physical abilities involving large body movements (Gross= Big)

Question 7

Holophrase

Answer 7

A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought.
(Dada, Dada?, Dada!)

Question 8

Immunizations

Answer 8

A process that stimulates the body’s immune system by causing production of antibodies to defend against attack by a particular contagious disease.
Antibodies can be created either naturally (by catching/having the disease), by injection, or by drops that are swallowed, or by a nasal spray.

Question 9

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

Answer 9

Chomsky’s term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocab, and intonation.

Question 10

‘Little Scientist’

Answer 10

Piaget’s term for toddlers insatiable curiosity and active experimentation as they engage in various actions to understand their world.

Question 11

Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)

Answer 11

The average number of words in a typical sentence (called utterance b/c children may not talk in complete sentences). MLU is often used to measure language development.

Question 12

Motor Skill

Answer 12

The learned abilities to move some part of the body. (The word motor= Movement of muscles)

Question 13

Naming explosion

Answer 13

A sudden increase in an infant’s vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns- 18 months

Question 14

Neuron

Answer 14

One of billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system (CNS), especially in the brain.

Question 15

Neurotransmitter

Answer 15

A brain chemical that carries information from the axon of a sending neuron to the dendrites of a receiving neuron.

Question 16

Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 16

The area of the cortex at the very front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control.

Question 17

Primary Circular Reactions

Answer 17

Sensorimotor Intelligence stage 1 & 2
The first of 3 types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving the infant’s own body. The infant senses motion, sucking, noise, and other stimuli and tries to understand them.

Question 18

Secondary Circular Reaction

Answer 18

Sensorimotor Intelligence stage 3 & 4
The first of 3 types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, involving the infant an object or another person, as with shaking a rattle or playing peek-a-boo.

Question 19

Sensorimotor Intelligence

Answer 19

Piaget’s term for the way infants think-by using their senses and motor skills-during the first period of cognitive development. (6 Stages)

Question 20

Shaken Baby Syndrome

Answer 20

A life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, a motion that ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections.

Question 21

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Answer 21

A situation in which a seemingly healthy infant (2-6 months) suddenly stops breathing and dies unexpectedly while asleep.

Question 22

Synapse

Answer 22

The intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons.

Question 23

Tertiary Circular Reaction

Answer 23

Sensorimotor Intelligence stage 5 & 6
Piaget’s description of the cognitive processes of the 1 yr old, who gathers information from experiences with the wider world and then acts on it. The response to those actions leads to further understanding, which makes this circular. “Little Scientist”

Question 24

Transient Exuberance

Answer 24

The great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites that develop in an infant’s brain during the first two years of life.

Question 25

Stunting

Answer 25

The failure of children to grow to a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition

Question 26

Wasting

Answer 26

The tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition

Question 27

Protein-Calorie Malnutrition

Answer 27

A condition in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind. This deprivation can result in several illnesses, severe weight loss, and even death.

Question 28

Implicit Memory

Answer 28

Memory that isn’t verbal, often unconscious. Many motor and emotional memories are implicit.

Question 29

Explicit Memory

Answer 29

Memory that can be recalled in the conscious mind, usually factual memories that are expressed with words.

Question 30

Object Permanence

Answer 30

The realization that objects (and people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard

Question 31

Language Development Milestones

Answer 31

Crying - Immediately
Cooing - 2 Months
Babbling- 6 Months
Gestures - 10-12 Months
First Words - 10-15 Months (usually 1st b-day)
Naming Explosion - 18 Months
Patterned Speech - 12-24 Months (1-2yrs)
Two-Word Utterances - 21 Months
Multiword- 24 Months (2yr)

Question 32

Bed-Sharing

Answer 32

When two or more people sleep in the same bed.

Question 33

Co-sleeping

Answer 33

A custom in which parents and their children (usually infants) sleep together in the same room.

Question 34

Head-sparing

Answer 34

A biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth. The brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition.