Chpt 6 (The Social World) [Early Childhood]

Question 1

Emotional Regulation

Answer 1

The ability to coontrol when and how emotions are expressed.

Question 2

Initiative vs. guilt

Answer 2

Erikson’s third psychosocial crisis, in which young children undertake new skills and activities; they either feel adventurous or guilty.

Question 3

Motivation

Answer 3

The impulse that propels someone to act.

Question 4

Types of Motivation

Answer 4

*Intrinsic Motivation- A drive/reason to pursue a goal that comes from inside a person.
*Extrinsic Motivation- A drive/reason to pursue a goal that comes from the wish to have external rewards.
*Spontaneous Joy
*Imaginary Friends

Question 5

Types of Play

Answer 5

Rough-and-Tumble: Play that seems to be rough but in which there is no intent to harm.
Sociodramatic: Pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in plots or roles that they create.

Question 6

Parten’s Stages of Play

Answer 6

Solitary
Onlooker
Parallel
Associative
Cooperative

Question 7

Baumrind’s Parenting Styles

Answer 7

Authoritarian- High behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication from child to parent- but high parent to child communication.
Permissive- High nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control.
Authoritative- Parent set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children.
Neglectful/Uninvolved- Indifferent toward their children, not knowing or caring about their children’s lives.

Question 8

Types of Punishment/Discipline

Answer 8

Corporal Punishment: Discipline techniques that hurt the body (corpus) of someone, from spanking to serious harm.
Psychological Control: Disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support, using a child’s feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents.
Time-Out: Disciplinary technique in which a person is separated from other people and activities for a specified time.
Induction: Disciplinary technique in which the parent tries to get the child to understand why a certain behavior was wrong. Listening, not lecturing, is crucial.

Question 9

Sex and Gender Differences

Answer 9

Sex Differences: Physical differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body shape.
Gender Differences: Differences in male and female roles, behaviors, clothes, and so on that arise from society, not physiology.
(Transgender/Gender Binary)

Question 10

Transgender & Gender Binary

Answer 10

Transgender- Term for people whose gender identity and/or expression differ from what is typical of the sex they were assigned at birth.
Gender Binary- The idea that gender comes in two-and only two-forms, male and female.

Question 11

Empathy/Prosocial Behavior and Antipathy

Answer 11

Empathy: The ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ from one’s own.
Prosocial Behavior: Actions that are helpful and kind but that are of no obvious benefit to the person doing them.
Antipathy: Feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person.

Question 12

Types & Forms of Aggression

Answer 12

Instrumental- Hurtful behavior that is intended to get something that another person has. (common among 2yr olds)
Reactive- An impulsive retaliation for another person’s intentional/accidental hurtful action.
Relational- Nonphysical acts (insults/social rejection) aimed at harming social connections of the victim and other people.
Bullying- Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attacks, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves.

Question 13

Injury Control/Harm Reduction

Answer 13

Reducing the potential negative consequences of behavior, such as safety surfaces replacing cement at a playground.

Question 14

Three(3) Levels of Prevention

Answer 14

Primary- Actions that change overall background conditions to prevent unwanted event or circumstances. (Such as laws and policy’s)
Secondary- Actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation such as using seat belts in cars.
Tertiary- Actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment, after an adverse event (illness/injury, etc).

Question 15

Abuse and Neglect Maltreatment “Stages”

Answer 15

Child Maltreatment- Intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 yr.
Reported Maltreatment- Harm or endangerment about which authorities have been notified.
Substantiated Maltreatment- Harm or endangerment that has been reported, investigated, and verified.

Question 16

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Answer 16

A range of potentially traumatic childhood stresses that can have lasting, negative effects on health and well-being.
(Abuse, problems of someone in household [mental illness, prison], and parental conflicts [DV, divorce])

Question 17

Permanency Planning & Foster Care

Answer 17

*Permanency Planning: An effort by child-welfare authorities to find a long-term living situation that provides stability & support for a maltreated child. The goal is to avoid repeated caregiver or school changes.
*Foster Care: When a person is cared for by someone other than the parents.
*Kinship Care: A form of foster care in which a relative becomes the approved caregiver.