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NASM > CHPT 7 - Human Movement Science > Flashcards

CHPT 7 - Human Movement Science Flashcards

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1
Q

Biomechanics

A

The study of the action of external and internal forces on the living body,especially on the skeletal system.

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2
Q

What 3 dimensions describes movement based on planes?

A

Sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes.

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3
Q

Osteokinematic

A

Movement of a limb that is visible (you can see)

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4
Q

Arthrokinematic

A

Movement taking place inside the joint that we cannot see.

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5
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

An imaginary line that bisects the body into right and left sides. (front/back left/right movements)

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6
Q

Frontal Plane

A

Bisects the body to create front and back halves. (side to side movements)

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7
Q

Abduction and adduction of the limbs (relative to the trunk), lateral flexion of the spine, and eversion and inversion at the foot and ankle complex.

A

Movement of the Frontal Plane

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8
Q

Include flexion and extension and plantar flexion and dorsiflexion of the foot and ankle.

A

Movement of the Sagittal Plane

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9
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Imaginary bisector that divides body into top & bottom halves.

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10
Q

Include internal rotation and external rotation for the limbs, right and left rotation for the head and trunk, horizontal abduction and horizontal adduction of the limbs, and radioulnar pronation and supination.

A

Movement of the Transverse Plane

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11
Q

Motions of the Scapulae

A

Scapular retraction, scapular protraction, scapular
depression, and scapular elevation.

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12
Q

Muscle Actions

A

Described as isotonic, isometric, and isokinetic.

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13
Q

Isotonic Muscles

A

Can be broken down into the concentric and eccentric phases.

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14
Q

Closed-Chain Movements

A

Anchors the body to the ground or immovable object.

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15
Q

Open-Chain Movements

A

Distal limb moving freely in space.

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16
Q

The Stretch-Shortening Cycle

A

Involves 3 stages which include eccentric phase, amortization phase, and concentric phase.

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17
Q

Force-Couple

A

Muscles that work in a synergistic function around a joint.

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18
Q

Local Muscular System

A

Involves muscles that generally attach on or near the spine and provide stability for the LPHC.

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19
Q

Global Muscle System

A

Involves muscles that generally attach on or near the spine and provide stability for the LPHC.

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20
Q

Examples of sagittal plane exercise

A

Bicep curls, tricep pushdown, squats, front lunges, calf raises, walking, running, vertical jump, climbing stairs, shooting a basketball

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21
Q

Examples of front plane exercise

A

Jumping jacks, side lunges, lateral shoulder raises, side shuffling

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22
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Flexion occurring at the ankle (ex: top of the foot moves toward the shin).

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23
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Extension occurring at the ankle. Pointing foot downwards.

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24
Q

Medial

A

Relatively closer to the midline of the body. (ex: adductors (inner thigh) attach to the medial side of the femur (thigh bone)

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25
Q

Lateral

A

Relatively farther away from the midline or toward the outside of the body. (ex: the ears are positioned laterally on the head)

26
Q

Contralateral

A

Positioned on the opposite side of the body. (ex: the right foot in contralateral to the left hand)

27
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Positioned on the same side of the body. (ex: the right foot is ipsilateral to the right hand)

28
Q

Anterior

A

Positioned on or toward the front of the body. (ex: the quads are located on the anterior aspect of the thigh)

29
Q

Posterior

A

Positioned on or toward the back of the body. (ex: the hamstring complex is located on the posterior aspect of the thigh)

30
Q

Proximal

A

Positioned nearest to the center of the body or other identified reference point. (ex: the wrist is more proximal to the elbow than the fingers)

31
Q

Distal

A

Positioned farthest from the center of the body or other identified reference point. (ex: the ankle is more distal to the hip than the knee)

32
Q

Inferior

A

Positioned below an identified reference point. (ex: the soleus (calf muscle) is inferior to the hamstring complex)

33
Q

Superior

A

Positioned above an identified reference point. (ex: the pelvis is superior to the tibia (shine bone)

34
Q

Abduction

A

Movement in the frontal plane away from midline of the body

35
Q

Adduction

A

Movement in the front plane back toward the midline of the body

36
Q

Lateral Flexion

A

Bending of the spine from side to side

37
Q

Isotonic (muscle action)

A

Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement
occurs through a given range of motion. Isotonic muscle actions are subdivided into concentric and eccentric muscle actions.

38
Q

Isometric (muscle action)

A

Muscle tension is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint.

39
Q

Isokinetic (muscle action)

A

The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted. Requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories.

40
Q

Agonists

A

The primary muscles providing force for a movement.

Ex:
* The gluteus maximus is the agonist for hip extension (i.e., squats).
* The anterior deltoid is the agonist for shoulder flexion (i.e., shoulder presses).
* The biceps brachii is the agonist for elbow flexion (i.e., biceps curls).
* The triceps brachii is the agonist for elbow extension(i.e., triceps pushdowns).

41
Q

Synergists

A

Muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement.

Ex:
* The hamstring complex and the erector spinae are synergistic with the gluteus maximus during hip extension (i.e., squats).
* The brachioradialis and rachialis (forearm muscles) assist the biceps brachii during a biceps curl.
* The triceps brachii assist the pectoral muscles during a chest press.
* The biceps brachii assist the latissimus dorsi during a pull-up.

42
Q

Stablizers

A

Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body
moves.

Ex:
* The transversus abdominis (a deep abdominal muscle), internal obliques, and multifidus (deep muscles of the spine) stabilize the LPHC during hip extension
(i.e., squats).
* The rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis), stabilize the shoulder during upper extremity movements.

43
Q

Antagonists

A

Muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist
muscles.

Ex:
* The biceps brachii (an elbow flexor) is an antagonist to the triceps brachii during elbow extension (i.e., triceps pushdown).
* During elbow flexion, the triceps become the antagonist to the biceps (i.e., biceps curl).
* The hip flexor complex is antagonistic to the gluteus maximus during hip extension (i.e., squats).
* The latissimus dorsi is antagonistic to the deltoids during shoulder press.

44
Q
  • Push-ups
  • Pull-ups
  • Squats
  • Lunges
A

Examples of closed-chain exercises

45
Q
  • Push-ups
  • Pull-ups
  • Squats
  • Lunges
A

Examples of open-chain exercises

46
Q

Length-tension relationship

A

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.

47
Q

Altered length-tension relationship

A

When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce.

48
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen.

49
Q

Altered reciprocal inhibition

A

Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist.

50
Q

Muscle imbalance

A

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships.

51
Q

Integrated performance paradigm

A

To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically).

52
Q

Force-couple relationship

A

The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint

53
Q

Second-class levers

A

First-class levers have the fulcrum in the middle, like a seesaw. Nodding the head is an example of a first-class lever, with the top of the spinal column as the fulcrum.

54
Q

Third-class levers

A

Third-class levers have the effort placed between the resistance and the fulcrum. The effort always travels a shorter distance and must be greater than the resistance.

Most limbs of the human body operate as third-class levers. Ex: the human forearm; the fulcrum is the elbow, the effort is applied by the biceps brachii muscle, and the load is in the hand, such as a dumbbell when performing a biceps curl. Another example of a third-class lever is the standing
hamstring curl, whereby the knee joint is the fulcrum, hamstring muscle is the effort, and resistance is at the ankle.

55
Q

Motor behavior

A

Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.

56
Q

Motor control

A

How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.

57
Q

Motor learning

A

Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled motor behavior.

58
Q

Motor development

A

Change in skilled motor behavior over time throughout the life span.

59
Q

Internal feedback

A

Process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.

60
Q

External feedback

A

Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.

NASM (11 decks)

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