Chapter 12- Posture, Movement and Performance assessments summary

Question 1

Pes planus distortion syndrome

Answer 1

Static Positions
Ankle joints—pes planus (collapsed arch)
Knee joints—valgus and internally rotated
Hip joints—adducted and internally rotated

Potential overactive muscles
* Gastrocnemius and soleus (calves)
* Adductor complex (inner thighs)
* Hip flexors (muscles near front of hips)

Potential underactive muscles
* Anterior and posterior tibialis (shin muscles)
* Gluteus maximus and medius (butt muscles)

Question 2

Lower crossed syndrome

Answer 2

Static Positions
Hip joints—flexed
Pelvis—anterior pelvic tilt
Lumbar spine—excessive lordosis (extension)

Potential overactive muscles
* Hip flexors
* Lumbar extensors (low-back muscles)

Potential underactive muscles
* Gluteus maximus and medius
* Hamstring complex
* Abdominals

Question 3

Upper crossed syndrome

Answer 3

Static Positions
Thoracic spine—excessive kyphosis (hunchback, flexed posture)
Shoulders—protracted (rounded forward) and internally rotated
Head and neck—jutted forward

Potential overactive muscles
* Pectoralis major and minor (chest muscles)
* Levator scapula and sternocleidomastoid (neck muscles)
* Upper trapezius

Potential underactive muscles
* Middle and lower trapezius, rhomboids (mid-back muscles)
* Deep cervical flexors (muscle deep within the neck)

Question 4

Feet turn out

Answer 4

Overactive
* Gastrocnemius/soleus (calves)
* Hamstrings complex

Underactive
* Anterior and posterior tibialis (shin muscles)
* Gluteus maximus and medius

Question 5

Knees cave in (knee valgus)

Answer 5

Overactive
* Tensor fascia latae (TFL)(muscle near front of hip)
* Adductor complex (inner thigh muscles)

Underactive
* Gluteus maximus and medius
* Anterior and posterior tibialis

Question 6

Low-back arches

Answer 6

Overactive
* Hip flexors (rectus femoris, psoas, TFL)
* Lumbar extensors

Underactive
* Gluteus maximus
* Hamstrings complex
* Abdominals

Question 7

Scapular elevation

Answer 7

Overactive
* Levator scapulae (posterior neck muscles)
* Upper trapezius

Underactive
* Lower trapezius

Question 8

Head juts forward

Answer 8

Overactive
* Levator scapulae
* Sternocleidomastoid (anterior neck muscles)

Underactive
* Deep cervical flexors (deep neck stabilizer muscles)

Question 9

Low-back arches

Answer 9

Overactive
* Hip flexors (rectus femoris, psoas, TFL)
* Lumbar extensors

Underactive
* Gluteus maximus
* Hamstrings complex
* Abdominals