chpt 7&8 key concepts

Question 1

Asexual Advantages & Disadvantages

Answer 1

adv- offspring contribute wholly to fitness of parent

dis- mutation only variability

Question 2

Sexual Advantages & Disadvantages

Answer 2

adv- creating gene variation
adv- purging harmful mutations
adv- increases variability

dis- costly to the individual (each offspring contributes only 1/2 fitness and they have trouble finding mates)

Question 3

Cost of Reproduction for Males and Females

Answer 3

fem- more energetically costly gametes because they are larger

male- less energetically costly gametes because they are smaller

Question 4

Limitations for Males and Females

Answer 4

fem- limited by resource access

male- limited by mate access

Question 5

Conditions Favoring Hermaphrodites

Answer 5

low mobility
-limiting male to male competition

low overlap in resource demands by male and female structures

Question 6

Principle of Allocation

Answer 6

organisms use energy for one function, the amount of energy available for other functions is reduced

Question 7

Plant dispersers and seed size

Answer 7

seed size variation explains variation in plants
-larger seeds produce larger seedings

Question 8

Six dispersal strategies

Answer 8

1. Unassisted: no special structures
2. Adhesion: hooks, spines, or barbs
3. Wind: wings, hair, resistance structures
4. Ant: oil surface coating
5. Vertebrate: fleshy coating
6. Scatterhoarded: gathered, stored in caches

Question 9

Seed Size

Answer 9

small seed size
-variation has major implication for the performance of the offspring
-stay dormant longer
-seed unassisted by dispersal or wind

large seed size
-dispersed by hoarders

Question 10

r-selected

Answer 10

per capita rate of increase
characteristic high population growth rate

Question 11

K-selected

Answer 11

carrying capacity
characteristic efficient resource use

Question 12

population attributes for r-selected

Answer 12

-a high intrinsic rate of increase
-not favored competitive ability
-rapid development
-early reproduction
-small body size
-single,semelparity reproduction
-many, small offspring

Question 13

population attributes for k-selected

Answer 13

-low intrinsic rate of increase
-highly favored competitive ability
-slow development
-late reproduction
-large body size
-repeated reproduction
-few,large offspring

Question 14

Grimes

Answer 14

proposed two most important variable exerting selective pressures in plants

Question 15

Intensity of distrubance

Answer 15

any process limiting plants by destroying biomass

Question 16

Intensity of stress

Answer 16

external constraints limiting rate of dry matter production

Question 17

Ruderals

Answer 17

-highly disturbed habitats
-grow rapidly
-produce seeds quickly

Question 18

Low distrubance

Answer 18

-low stress
-grow well but eventually compete with others for resources

Question 19

Stress-tolerant

Answer 19

-high stress-no disturbance
-grow slowly-conserve resources

Question 20

Promiscuous

Answer 20

individual mates with multiple partners and do not create a lasting social bond

Question 21

Polyandry

Answer 21

an individual female breeds with multiple males

Question 22

Polygamous

Answer 22

individual of one sex forms long term social bonds and mates with more than 1 individual of opposite sex

Question 23

Polygyny

Answer 23

male mates with more than one female

Question 24

Monogamy

Answer 24

a social bond between one male and one female persists through the period that is required for them to rear their offspring

Question 25

Parental Care

Answer 25

enhances the survival of individual offspring -feeding their young -thermoregulation of young -protection of young -the teaching of young

Question 26

Parental Care of Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles

Answer 26

-little post-fertilization care except toads

Question 27

Parental Care of Mammals

Answer 27

-females responsible, they carry young -males do not heelp -most mammals are self sufficient at birth

Question 28

Parental Care of Birds

Answer 28

-both parents demand incubation and immobility of hatchling (monogamy) -equal partitioning but separate nests -females inseminated once, lay eggs, and leave while males raise nest while females lay a second nest and raise it

Question 29

Emancipation of Males

Answer 29

allow males to increase fitness through multiple matings

Question 30

Reasons of Sexual Dimphorphism

Answer 30

-trade-off of the energy -roles in the mating choice -basically why males and females have different traits

Question 31

Sexual Selection

Answer 31

differences in reproductive rates among individuals as a result of differences in mating sucess

Question 32

Good genes hypothesis

Answer 32

individual chooses a mate that possess a superior genotype

Question 33

good health hypothesis

Answer 33

individual chooses healthiest mates

Question 34

Runaway sexual selection

Answer 34

females persistently choose the most extreme male phenotypes

Question 35

Handicap Hypothesis

Answer 35

-elaborate sexually selected displays and adornments act as handicaps -show high fitness of bearer -excess of resources

Question 36

Parasite Mediated Sexual Selection

Answer 36

females choose mates without parasites because they want to develop high quality traits

Question 37

Extra-Pair Copulations

Answer 37

males: increase the number of offspring with little increase in parental care females: find a male with the best territory but may not have the best genes