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ecology > chpt 10,11,12 keyterms > Flashcards

chpt 10,11,12 keyterms Flashcards

1
Q

fundamental niche

A

the range of abiotic conditions under which a species can persist

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2
Q

realized niche

A

the range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species persists

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3
Q

ecological niche modeling

A

the process of determining the suitable habitat conditions for a species

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4
Q

ecological envelope

A

the range of ecological conditions that are predicted to be suitable for a species

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5
Q

geographic range

A

a measure of the total area covered by a population

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6
Q

endemic

A

species that live in a single often isolated location

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7
Q

cosmopolitan

A

species with very large geographic ranges that can span several continents

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8
Q

abundance

A

the total number of individuals in a population that exist within a defined area

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9
Q

density

A

in a population the number of individuals in a unit of area or volume

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10
Q

dispersion

A

the spacing of individuals with respect to one another within the geographic range of a population

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11
Q

clustered dispersion

A

a pattern of population dispersion in which individuals are aggregated in discrete groups

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12
Q

evenly spaced dispersion

A

a pattern of dispersion of a population in which each individual maintains a uniform distance between itself and its neighbors

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13
Q

random dispersion

A

a pattern of dispersion of a population in which the position of each individual is independent of the position of other individuals in the population

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14
Q

dispersal

A

the movement of individuals from one area to another

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15
Q

census

A

a count of every individual in a population

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16
Q

survey

A

counting a subset of the population

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17
Q

area and volume based surverys

A

surveys that define the boundaries of an area or a volume and then count all the individuals in the space

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18
Q

line transect surveys

A

surveys that count the number of individuals observed as one moves along a line

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19
Q

mark recapture surveys

A

a method of population estimation in which researchers capture and mark a subset of a population form an area, return it to the area, and then capture a second sample of the population after some time has passed

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20
Q

lifetime dispersal distance

A

the average distance an individual moves from where it was hatched or born to where it reproduces

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21
Q

dispersal limitation

A

a substantial barrier that prevents dispersal between suitable habitats

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22
Q

habitat corridors

A

a strip of favorable habitat located between two large patches of habitat that facilitates dispersal

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23
Q

ideal free distribution

A

when individuals distribute themselves among different habitats in a way that allows them to have the same per capita benefit

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24
Q

growth rate

A

in a population, the number of new individuals that are produced in a given amount of time minus the number of individuals that die

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25
Q

intrinsic growth rate (r)

A

the highest possible per capita growth rate for a population

26
Q

exponential growth model

A

a model of population growth in which the population increases continuously at an exponential rate

27
Q

geometric growth model

A

a model of population growth that compares population sizes at regular time intervals

28
Q

double time

A

the time required for a population to double in size

29
Q

density independent

A

factors that limit population size regardless of the populations density

30
Q

density dependent

A

factors that affect population size in relation to the populations density

31
Q

negative density dependence

A

when the rate of population growth decreases as population density increases

32
Q

positive density dependence

A

when the rate of population growth increases as population density increases
also known as inverse density dependence or the Allee effect

33
Q

self thinning curve

A

a graphical relationship that shows how decreases in population density over in the mass of each individual in the population

34
Q

carrying capacity

A

the maximum population size that can be supported by the environment

35
Q

logistic growth model

A

a growth model that describes slowing growth of populations at high densitites

36
Q

s-shaped curve

A

the shape of the curve when a population is graphed over time using the logistic growth model

37
Q

inflection point

A

the point on a sigmoidal growth curve at which the population achieves its highest growth rate

38
Q

age structure

A

in a population the proportion of individuals that occurs in different age classes

39
Q

life tables

A

tables that contain class specific survival and fecundity data

40
Q

stable age distribution

A

when the age structure of a population does not change over time

41
Q

net reproductive age

A

the total number of female offspring that we expect an average female to produce over the course of her life

42
Q

generation time (T)

A

the average time between the birth of an individual and the birth of its offspring

43
Q

overshoot

A

when a population grows beyond its carrying capacity

44
Q

die-off

A

a substantial decline in density that typically goes well below the carrying capacity

45
Q

population cycles

A

regular oscillation of population size over a long period of time

46
Q

delayed density dependence

A

when density dependence occurs based on a population density at some time in the past

47
Q

damped oscillations

A

a pattern of population growth in which the population size initially oscillates but the magnitude of the oscillations declines over time

48
Q

stable limit cycle

A

a pattern of population growth in which the population size continues to exhibit large oscillations over time

49
Q

deterministic model

A

a model that is designed to predict a result without accounting for random variation in population growth rate

50
Q

stochastic models

A

a model that incorporates random variation in population growth rate

51
Q

demographic stochasticity

A

variation in birth rates and death rates due to random differences among individuals

52
Q

environmental stochasticity

A

variation in birth rates and death rates due to random changes in environmental conditions

53
Q

subpopulations

A

when a larger population is broken up into smaller groups of conspecifics that live in isolated patches

54
Q

metapopulations

A

the collection of subpopulations that live in isolated patches and are linked by dispersal

55
Q

habitat fragmentation

A

the process of breaking up large habitats into a number of smaller habitats

56
Q

basic metapopulation model

A

a model that describes a scenario in which there are patches of suitable habitat embedded within a matrix of unsuitable habitat

57
Q

source-sink metapopulation model

A

a population model that builds on the basic metapopulation model and accounts for the fact that not all patches of suitable habitat are of equal quality

58
Q

source subpopulations

A

in high quality habitats subpopulations that serve as a source of dispersers within a matapopulaiton

59
Q

sink subpopulations

A

in low quality habitats subpopulations that rely on outside dispersers to maintain the subpopulation within a metapopulation

60
Q

landscape metapopulation model

A

a population model that considers both differences in the quality of the suitable patches and the quality of the surrounding matrix

61
Q

rescue effect

A

the phenomenon of dispersers supplementing a declining subpopulation that is headed toward extinction

ecology (9 decks)

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