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ecology > chpt 10,11,12 keyterms > Flashcards

chpt 10,11,12 keyterms Flashcards

1
Q

fundamental niche

A

the range of abiotic conditions under which a species can persist

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2
Q

realized niche

A

the range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species persists

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3
Q

ecological niche modeling

A

the process of determining the suitable habitat conditions for a species

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4
Q

ecological envelope

A

the range of ecological conditions that are predicted to be suitable for a species

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5
Q

geographic range

A

a measure of the total area covered by a population

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6
Q

endemic

A

species that live in a single often isolated location

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7
Q

cosmopolitan

A

species with very large geographic ranges that can span several continents

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8
Q

abundance

A

the total number of individuals in a population that exist within a defined area

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9
Q

density

A

in a population the number of individuals in a unit of area or volume

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10
Q

dispersion

A

the spacing of individuals with respect to one another within the geographic range of a population

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11
Q

clustered dispersion

A

a pattern of population dispersion in which individuals are aggregated in discrete groups

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12
Q

evenly spaced dispersion

A

a pattern of dispersion of a population in which each individual maintains a uniform distance between itself and its neighbors

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13
Q

random dispersion

A

a pattern of dispersion of a population in which the position of each individual is independent of the position of other individuals in the population

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14
Q

dispersal

A

the movement of individuals from one area to another

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15
Q

census

A

a count of every individual in a population

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16
Q

survey

A

counting a subset of the population

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17
Q

area and volume based surverys

A

surveys that define the boundaries of an area or a volume and then count all the individuals in the space

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18
Q

line transect surveys

A

surveys that count the number of individuals observed as one moves along a line

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19
Q

mark recapture surveys

A

a method of population estimation in which researchers capture and mark a subset of a population form an area, return it to the area, and then capture a second sample of the population after some time has passed

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20
Q

lifetime dispersal distance

A

the average distance an individual moves from where it was hatched or born to where it reproduces

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21
Q

dispersal limitation

A

a substantial barrier that prevents dispersal between suitable habitats

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22
Q

habitat corridors

A

a strip of favorable habitat located between two large patches of habitat that facilitates dispersal

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23
Q

ideal free distribution

A

when individuals distribute themselves among different habitats in a way that allows them to have the same per capita benefit

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24
Q

growth rate

A

in a population, the number of new individuals that are produced in a given amount of time minus the number of individuals that die

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25
intrinsic growth rate (r)
the highest possible per capita growth rate for a population
26
exponential growth model
a model of population growth in which the population increases continuously at an exponential rate
27
geometric growth model
a model of population growth that compares population sizes at regular time intervals
28
double time
the time required for a population to double in size
29
density independent
factors that limit population size regardless of the populations density
30
density dependent
factors that affect population size in relation to the populations density
31
negative density dependence
when the rate of population growth decreases as population density increases
32
positive density dependence
when the rate of population growth increases as population density increases also known as inverse density dependence or the Allee effect
33
self thinning curve
a graphical relationship that shows how decreases in population density over in the mass of each individual in the population
34
carrying capacity
the maximum population size that can be supported by the environment
35
logistic growth model
a growth model that describes slowing growth of populations at high densitites
36
s-shaped curve
the shape of the curve when a population is graphed over time using the logistic growth model
37
inflection point
the point on a sigmoidal growth curve at which the population achieves its highest growth rate
38
age structure
in a population the proportion of individuals that occurs in different age classes
39
life tables
tables that contain class specific survival and fecundity data
40
stable age distribution
when the age structure of a population does not change over time
41
net reproductive age
the total number of female offspring that we expect an average female to produce over the course of her life
42
generation time (T)
the average time between the birth of an individual and the birth of its offspring
43
overshoot
when a population grows beyond its carrying capacity
44
die-off
a substantial decline in density that typically goes well below the carrying capacity
45
population cycles
regular oscillation of population size over a long period of time
46
delayed density dependence
when density dependence occurs based on a population density at some time in the past
47
damped oscillations
a pattern of population growth in which the population size initially oscillates but the magnitude of the oscillations declines over time
48
stable limit cycle
a pattern of population growth in which the population size continues to exhibit large oscillations over time
49
deterministic model
a model that is designed to predict a result without accounting for random variation in population growth rate
50
stochastic models
a model that incorporates random variation in population growth rate
51
demographic stochasticity
variation in birth rates and death rates due to random differences among individuals
52
environmental stochasticity
variation in birth rates and death rates due to random changes in environmental conditions
53
subpopulations
when a larger population is broken up into smaller groups of conspecifics that live in isolated patches
54
metapopulations
the collection of subpopulations that live in isolated patches and are linked by dispersal
55
habitat fragmentation
the process of breaking up large habitats into a number of smaller habitats
56
basic metapopulation model
a model that describes a scenario in which there are patches of suitable habitat embedded within a matrix of unsuitable habitat
57
source-sink metapopulation model
a population model that builds on the basic metapopulation model and accounts for the fact that not all patches of suitable habitat are of equal quality
58
source subpopulations
in high quality habitats subpopulations that serve as a source of dispersers within a matapopulaiton
59
sink subpopulations
in low quality habitats subpopulations that rely on outside dispersers to maintain the subpopulation within a metapopulation
60
landscape metapopulation model
a population model that considers both differences in the quality of the suitable patches and the quality of the surrounding matrix
61
rescue effect
the phenomenon of dispersers supplementing a declining subpopulation that is headed toward extinction

ecology (9 decks)

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