chapter 3 Flashcards
Precipitation
moisture falling from air
snow water
Interception
water being prevented from reaching the surface by trees or grass
Infiltration
reaches soil moves down into ground
Runoff
water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground
Ground Water
water entering soil seeps down layer of clay or rock
Transpiration
evaporation of water from internal surface of leaves, stems and other living parts
Evaporation
liquid to gas
Evapotranspiration
total amount of evaporation of water surfaces of ground and vegetation
Properties of Water
Polar
High Specific Heat - high resistance to temp
Latent Heat- energy required to change from one substance to the other
Density relationship with Temp- inverse relationship with temp
Cohesion- stick together- surface tension
Viscosity- aquatic vertebrates streamlined
Buoyancy- reduces effects of gravity-organisms large
Density and Temp relationship of water
inverse relationship
Water is most dense at?
4 degrees celsius
ice floats
Longer wavelengths
go deeper at a high rate, absorbed very quickly
Shorter wavelengths
scatter as they move through the water
Sunlight and warmth of water
decline in temp with depth
Thermocline
layer of water where temperature changes rapidly with depth from warm to cold
Temperature produces zonation in any water
epilimnion- upper layer, warm less dense
thermocline- rapidly changing temp prevents mixing
hypolimnion- lower layer, cold more dense
Tropics vs temperate zones themocline
Tropics Thermocline is permanent surface water is always warmer
Temperate zone Summer Thermocline is present surface water is warmest
Temperate Zone (fall)
fall
surface water begins to cool
cool water sinks
warmer water moves to the surface, also cools eventually temperature becomes uniform
Turnover
layer at the top move down
Vertical mixing
Moves nutrient
What is a stream or river
flowing body of water
temperature variable warm and cool
depending on the season shaded areas are cooler than those exposed to sunlight
Temperature affects stream community structure
cool water versus warm water organism
Solubility of oxygen in water
-with temp increase
-with pressure increase
-with salinity increase
a function of
- solubility decreases as temperature increases
-solubility increases as atmospheric pressure increases
-solubility decreases as salinity increases
Oxygen is lost through
uptake by aquatic organisms
increased water temperature
Oxygen is highest at the and lowest at the
highest at the surface diffusion photosynthesis
lower with increasing depth cellular respiration
Turnover and oxygen in the deep
as warm and cold waters rise and fall deeper water is recharged with oxygen
What happens in the winter? with oxygen
Oxygen demand is what?
What does ice do?
oxygen solubility is higher at lower temperatures
oxygen demand reduced for most organisms
ice reduces diffusion from the atmosphere
pH range of natural waters
acidic
Seawater pH
alkaline
Limestone vs Granite
-watersheds dominated by limestone higher pH and well buffered
-watersheds dominated by sandstone or granite lower pH, less well buffered
Stream character and structure is
modified by velocity of the current
Velocity is affected by
-shape and steepness of the stream channel
-stream channel width, depth, the roughness of the bottom
-rainfall intensity
-rapidity of snow melt
Wind generates waves on
large lakes, open oceans
Ocean currents are influenced by
prevailing wind direction, Coriolis effect
Lunar Tides
bulge on the moon side due to gravitation attraction
bulge on the opposite side because gravitation force at that point is less than Earths center
Solar Tides
weaker gravitational pull on tides
partially marked by lunar tides
Intertidal Zone in ocean
-lies between high and low tide water lines
-daily periods of submergence and exposure
-organisms high in the intertidal zone exposed to environmental
-extremes wide temperature fluctuations intense solar radiation
-dessication air
Estuary
where freshwater and saltwater mix
Saltwater, freshwater
which one is more dense
what mixes them together
where does it lose salinity or gain
vertically:
saltwater is more dense than freshwater
currents and winds can mix the water
horizontally:
lowest salinity at the river mouth
highest salinity at the sea
Organisms living in an estuary
adaptions to these changes in salinity
Lakes formed by
formed by:
Glaciation Geologic Activity River Activity Resacas or Oxbow lakes
Lake Structure
-Littoral Zone: shallow water zone, light reaches the bottom Emergent, Rooted Plants
-Limnetic Zone: open water Extends to the depth of light penetration Habitat of plankton and nekton (free swimming organisms such as fish)
-Profundal Zone: beyond the depth of effective light penetration compensation depth of light, respiration balances photosynthesis
-Benthic Zone: bottom region primary place of decomposition
Oligotrophic vs Eutrophic in lakes
-oligotrophic: low nutrients level and biological production often well oxygenated usually deep, cool lakes
-eutrophic: high nutrient levels and biological production may be depleted of oxygen, usually shallow, warm lakes
Rivers and streams result from
precipitation > evaporation
runoff from surrounding terrestrial environment
Rivers and streams are divided into
three dimensions: length, vertical, width
Width Classification
wetted-always wet
active channels-covered during floods
riparian zone-transition area between the aquatic and upland terrestrial environment
Vertical Classification
divided into the water surface and water column
-hyporheic zone: transition between surface water and groundwater
-phreatic zone: groundwater
Length Classification
stream dominated by various along length
riffles water runs rapidly over rocks good oxygenation
pools deeper areas of slower moving water accumulate silt and organic matter
Salinity and oxygen in rivers and streams
salinity is based on leaching in the basin
oxygen inversely correlated with temperature
fast water streams adaptations
stream lined from:
flattened bodies and broad, flat limbs
protective cases with sticky undersurfaces
slow water streams adaptations
compressed from bottom feeding fish and water striders and back swimmers
aquatic invertebrate feeding groups in rivers/streams
-shredders: feed on bacteria and fungi growing on coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM > 1 mm diameter) break down the material in the process
-filtering and gathering: collectors feed on fine particulate organic matter (FPOM < 1 mm and > 0.45) produced by the action of the shredders
-grazers: feed on the algal coating of substrates
-gougers: burrow into waterlogged fallen trees
-predatory insect larvae and fish feed on the grazers and detrital feeders
Order of River Concept Medium Sized Creeks and Rivers
fourth through sixth order
width increase
importance of terrestrial detrital decreases
temperature rises surface more exposed
current slows, elevation gradient declines GPP exceeds respiration
collectors and grazers dominant
predators shift to warm water species
What is dominant of river continuum concept nearer mouth of river
-channel wider and deeper
-flow volume increase and current slows
-sediments accumulate on the bottom
-autotrophic and riparian production increases
-autochtophic and riparian production increases
-autochthonous production FPOM is a basic energy source
-bottom living collectors dominant
-slow, deep water, and DOM support a minimal phytophlakton and in turn, zooplakton, population
Freshwater wetlands terrestrial wetlands
terrestrial wetlands transitional zone between freshwater and land cover - 6% of Earths surface, most are local in occurrence, range along a gradient from permanently flooded to periodically saturated soil
Marshes
wetlands dominated by emergent herbaceous vegetation wet grasslands - reeds, sedges, grasses, cattails
Swaps
forested wetlands deep- water swamps cypress, tupelo, swamp oaks shrub swamps alder, willows
Bottomland or riparian
occasionally or seasonally flooded by river waters
Ocean Structure
-Littoral Zone (Intertidal Zone) between highest and lowest tidal levels exposed to air periodically
-Neritic Zone up to 200 m continental shelf high productivity
-oceanic zone open ocean > 200m
Oceanic Zones
-oceanic zone depths of the ocean low nutrient availability limits productivity
-euphotic (photic) zone area with sufficient light for photosynthesis
-aphotic zone area without sufficient light for photosynthesis depend on organic material from upper zones
Benthic
habitat on bottom of ocean
kelp beds
structure similar to terrestrial forests
canopy at waters surface
shallow marine waters
Coral Reefs from in what kind of waters ______ productivity
“tropical rain forests” of the ocean
from in shallow, warm waters
high productivity
reefs and kelp beds both grow in
surface waters with sufficient light for photosynthesis
both limited by temperature
water currents
deliver oxygen and nutrients
remove waste products
biological productivity may depend on flushing action
Marine Shores Structure
Intertidal Zone can be divided vertically
-supratidal fringe rarely covered by high tide
Splash Zone
-intertidal proper (littorial zone)
-upper intertidal covered during highest tides
-middle intertidal covered and uncovered by average tides
-lower intertidal uncovered during lowest tides
Subtidal: covered by water even during lowest tides
Rocky Shoreline
Tide Pools
Salinity increases and decreases
tide pools- exposed rock and open sea
salinity increases with evaporation and decreases with freshwater source
Salt Marshes and Mangrove Forests are concentrated where?
concentrated along low lying coasts all driven by ocean tides and river flow it transports organisms, nutrients, oxygen, remove wastes, extremely vulnerable to human intrusion
Deep seepage/ deep storage
longterm
River Continuum Concept Headwater
headwater streams
-usually swift, cold, and shaded forest regions
-primary productivity is low
-allochtonous production
-dependent on terrestrial input of detritus > than 90% or organic input
-shredders and collectors dominant grazers are minimal small autotrophic production
-predators are mostly small fish
