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ecology > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Precipitation

A

moisture falling from air
snow water

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2
Q

Interception

A

water being prevented from reaching the surface by trees or grass

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3
Q

Infiltration

A

reaches soil moves down into ground

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4
Q

Runoff

A

water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground

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5
Q

Ground Water

A

water entering soil seeps down layer of clay or rock

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6
Q

Transpiration

A

evaporation of water from internal surface of leaves, stems and other living parts

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7
Q

Evaporation

A

liquid to gas

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8
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

total amount of evaporation of water surfaces of ground and vegetation

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9
Q

Properties of Water

A

Polar
High Specific Heat - high resistance to temp
Latent Heat- energy required to change from one substance to the other
Density relationship with Temp- inverse relationship with temp
Cohesion- stick together- surface tension
Viscosity- aquatic vertebrates streamlined
Buoyancy- reduces effects of gravity-organisms large

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10
Q

Density and Temp relationship of water

A

inverse relationship

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11
Q

Water is most dense at?

A

4 degrees celsius
ice floats

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12
Q

Longer wavelengths

A

go deeper at a high rate, absorbed very quickly

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13
Q

Shorter wavelengths

A

scatter as they move through the water

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14
Q

Sunlight and warmth of water

A

decline in temp with depth

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15
Q

Thermocline

A

layer of water where temperature changes rapidly with depth from warm to cold

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16
Q

Temperature produces zonation in any water

A

epilimnion- upper layer, warm less dense
thermocline- rapidly changing temp prevents mixing
hypolimnion- lower layer, cold more dense

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17
Q

Tropics vs temperate zones themocline

A

Tropics Thermocline is permanent surface water is always warmer
Temperate zone Summer Thermocline is present surface water is warmest

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18
Q

Temperate Zone (fall)

A

fall
surface water begins to cool
cool water sinks
warmer water moves to the surface, also cools eventually temperature becomes uniform

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19
Q

Turnover

A

layer at the top move down
Vertical mixing
Moves nutrient

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20
Q

What is a stream or river

A

flowing body of water
temperature variable warm and cool
depending on the season shaded areas are cooler than those exposed to sunlight

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21
Q

Temperature affects stream community structure

A

cool water versus warm water organism

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22
Q

Solubility of oxygen in water
-with temp increase
-with pressure increase
-with salinity increase

A

a function of
- solubility decreases as temperature increases
-solubility increases as atmospheric pressure increases
-solubility decreases as salinity increases

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23
Q

Oxygen is lost through

A

uptake by aquatic organisms
increased water temperature

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24
Q

Oxygen is highest at the and lowest at the

A

highest at the surface diffusion photosynthesis
lower with increasing depth cellular respiration

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25
Q

Turnover and oxygen in the deep

A

as warm and cold waters rise and fall deeper water is recharged with oxygen

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26
Q

What happens in the winter? with oxygen
Oxygen demand is what?
What does ice do?

A

oxygen solubility is higher at lower temperatures
oxygen demand reduced for most organisms
ice reduces diffusion from the atmosphere

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27
Q

pH range of natural waters

A

acidic

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28
Q

Seawater pH

A

alkaline

29
Q

Limestone vs Granite

A

-watersheds dominated by limestone higher pH and well buffered
-watersheds dominated by sandstone or granite lower pH, less well buffered

30
Q

Stream character and structure is

A

modified by velocity of the current

31
Q

Velocity is affected by

A

-shape and steepness of the stream channel
-stream channel width, depth, the roughness of the bottom
-rainfall intensity
-rapidity of snow melt

32
Q

Wind generates waves on

A

large lakes, open oceans

33
Q

Ocean currents are influenced by

A

prevailing wind direction, Coriolis effect

34
Q

Lunar Tides

A

bulge on the moon side due to gravitation attraction
bulge on the opposite side because gravitation force at that point is less than Earths center

35
Q

Solar Tides

A

weaker gravitational pull on tides
partially marked by lunar tides

36
Q

Intertidal Zone in ocean

A

-lies between high and low tide water lines
-daily periods of submergence and exposure
-organisms high in the intertidal zone exposed to environmental
-extremes wide temperature fluctuations intense solar radiation
-dessication air

37
Q

Estuary

A

where freshwater and saltwater mix

38
Q

Saltwater, freshwater
which one is more dense
what mixes them together
where does it lose salinity or gain

A

vertically:
saltwater is more dense than freshwater
currents and winds can mix the water
horizontally:
lowest salinity at the river mouth
highest salinity at the sea

39
Q

Organisms living in an estuary

A

adaptions to these changes in salinity

40
Q

Lakes formed by

A

formed by:
Glaciation Geologic Activity River Activity Resacas or Oxbow lakes

41
Q

Lake Structure

A

-Littoral Zone: shallow water zone, light reaches the bottom Emergent, Rooted Plants

-Limnetic Zone: open water Extends to the depth of light penetration Habitat of plankton and nekton (free swimming organisms such as fish)

-Profundal Zone: beyond the depth of effective light penetration compensation depth of light, respiration balances photosynthesis

-Benthic Zone: bottom region primary place of decomposition

42
Q

Oligotrophic vs Eutrophic in lakes

A

-oligotrophic: low nutrients level and biological production often well oxygenated usually deep, cool lakes
-eutrophic: high nutrient levels and biological production may be depleted of oxygen, usually shallow, warm lakes

43
Q

Rivers and streams result from

A

precipitation > evaporation
runoff from surrounding terrestrial environment

44
Q

Rivers and streams are divided into

A

three dimensions: length, vertical, width

45
Q

Width Classification

A

wetted-always wet
active channels-covered during floods
riparian zone-transition area between the aquatic and upland terrestrial environment

46
Q

Vertical Classification

A

divided into the water surface and water column
-hyporheic zone: transition between surface water and groundwater
-phreatic zone: groundwater

47
Q

Length Classification

A

stream dominated by various along length
riffles water runs rapidly over rocks good oxygenation
pools deeper areas of slower moving water accumulate silt and organic matter

48
Q

Salinity and oxygen in rivers and streams

A

salinity is based on leaching in the basin
oxygen inversely correlated with temperature

49
Q

fast water streams adaptations

A

stream lined from:
flattened bodies and broad, flat limbs
protective cases with sticky undersurfaces

50
Q

slow water streams adaptations

A

compressed from bottom feeding fish and water striders and back swimmers

51
Q

aquatic invertebrate feeding groups in rivers/streams

A

-shredders: feed on bacteria and fungi growing on coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM > 1 mm diameter) break down the material in the process

-filtering and gathering: collectors feed on fine particulate organic matter (FPOM < 1 mm and > 0.45) produced by the action of the shredders

-grazers: feed on the algal coating of substrates
-gougers: burrow into waterlogged fallen trees
-predatory insect larvae and fish feed on the grazers and detrital feeders

52
Q

Order of River Concept Medium Sized Creeks and Rivers

A

fourth through sixth order
width increase
importance of terrestrial detrital decreases
temperature rises surface more exposed
current slows, elevation gradient declines GPP exceeds respiration
collectors and grazers dominant
predators shift to warm water species

53
Q

What is dominant of river continuum concept nearer mouth of river

A

-channel wider and deeper
-flow volume increase and current slows
-sediments accumulate on the bottom
-autotrophic and riparian production increases
-autochtophic and riparian production increases
-autochthonous production FPOM is a basic energy source
-bottom living collectors dominant
-slow, deep water, and DOM support a minimal phytophlakton and in turn, zooplakton, population

54
Q

Freshwater wetlands terrestrial wetlands

A

terrestrial wetlands transitional zone between freshwater and land cover - 6% of Earths surface, most are local in occurrence, range along a gradient from permanently flooded to periodically saturated soil

55
Q

Marshes

A

wetlands dominated by emergent herbaceous vegetation wet grasslands - reeds, sedges, grasses, cattails

56
Q

Swaps

A

forested wetlands deep- water swamps cypress, tupelo, swamp oaks shrub swamps alder, willows

57
Q

Bottomland or riparian

A

occasionally or seasonally flooded by river waters

58
Q

Ocean Structure

A

-Littoral Zone (Intertidal Zone) between highest and lowest tidal levels exposed to air periodically
-Neritic Zone up to 200 m continental shelf high productivity
-oceanic zone open ocean > 200m

59
Q

Oceanic Zones

A

-oceanic zone depths of the ocean low nutrient availability limits productivity
-euphotic (photic) zone area with sufficient light for photosynthesis
-aphotic zone area without sufficient light for photosynthesis depend on organic material from upper zones

60
Q

Benthic

A

habitat on bottom of ocean

61
Q

kelp beds

A

structure similar to terrestrial forests
canopy at waters surface
shallow marine waters

62
Q

Coral Reefs from in what kind of waters ______ productivity

A

“tropical rain forests” of the ocean
from in shallow, warm waters
high productivity

63
Q

reefs and kelp beds both grow in

A

surface waters with sufficient light for photosynthesis
both limited by temperature

64
Q

water currents

A

deliver oxygen and nutrients
remove waste products
biological productivity may depend on flushing action

65
Q

Marine Shores Structure

A

Intertidal Zone can be divided vertically
-supratidal fringe rarely covered by high tide
Splash Zone
-intertidal proper (littorial zone)
-upper intertidal covered during highest tides
-middle intertidal covered and uncovered by average tides
-lower intertidal uncovered during lowest tides
Subtidal: covered by water even during lowest tides

66
Q

Rocky Shoreline
Tide Pools
Salinity increases and decreases

A

tide pools- exposed rock and open sea
salinity increases with evaporation and decreases with freshwater source

67
Q

Salt Marshes and Mangrove Forests are concentrated where?

A

concentrated along low lying coasts all driven by ocean tides and river flow it transports organisms, nutrients, oxygen, remove wastes, extremely vulnerable to human intrusion

68
Q

Deep seepage/ deep storage

A

longterm

69
Q

River Continuum Concept Headwater

A

headwater streams
-usually swift, cold, and shaded forest regions
-primary productivity is low
-allochtonous production
-dependent on terrestrial input of detritus > than 90% or organic input
-shredders and collectors dominant grazers are minimal small autotrophic production
-predators are mostly small fish

ecology (9 decks)

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