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chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Precipitation

A

moisture falling from air
snow water

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2
Q

Interception

A

water being prevented from reaching the surface by trees or grass

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3
Q

Infiltration

A

reaches soil moves down into ground

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4
Q

Runoff

A

water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground

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5
Q

Ground Water

A

water entering soil seeps down layer of clay or rock

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6
Q

Transpiration

A

evaporation of water from internal surface of leaves, stems and other living parts

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7
Q

Evaporation

A

liquid to gas

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8
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

total amount of evaporation of water surfaces of ground and vegetation

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9
Q

Properties of Water

A

Polar
High Specific Heat - high resistance to temp
Latent Heat- energy required to change from one substance to the other
Density relationship with Temp- inverse relationship with temp
Cohesion- stick together- surface tension
Viscosity- aquatic vertebrates streamlined
Buoyancy- reduces effects of gravity-organisms large

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10
Q

Density and Temp relationship of water

A

inverse relationship

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11
Q

Water is most dense at?

A

4 degrees celsius
ice floats

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12
Q

Longer wavelengths

A

go deeper at a high rate, absorbed very quickly

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13
Q

Shorter wavelengths

A

scatter as they move through the water

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14
Q

Sunlight and warmth of water

A

decline in temp with depth

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15
Q

Thermocline

A

layer of water where temperature changes rapidly with depth from warm to cold

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16
Q

Temperature produces zonation in any water

A

epilimnion- upper layer, warm less dense
thermocline- rapidly changing temp prevents mixing
hypolimnion- lower layer, cold more dense

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17
Q

Tropics vs temperate zones themocline

A

Tropics Thermocline is permanent surface water is always warmer
Temperate zone Summer Thermocline is present surface water is warmest

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18
Q

Temperate Zone (fall)

A

fall
surface water begins to cool
cool water sinks
warmer water moves to the surface, also cools eventually temperature becomes uniform

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19
Q

Turnover

A

layer at the top move down
Vertical mixing
Moves nutrient

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20
Q

What is a stream or river

A

flowing body of water
temperature variable warm and cool
depending on the season shaded areas are cooler than those exposed to sunlight

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21
Q

Temperature affects stream community structure

A

cool water versus warm water organism

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22
Q

Solubility of oxygen in water
-with temp increase
-with pressure increase
-with salinity increase

A

a function of
- solubility decreases as temperature increases
-solubility increases as atmospheric pressure increases
-solubility decreases as salinity increases

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23
Q

Oxygen is lost through

A

uptake by aquatic organisms
increased water temperature

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24
Q

Oxygen is highest at the and lowest at the

A

highest at the surface diffusion photosynthesis
lower with increasing depth cellular respiration

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25
Turnover and oxygen in the deep
as warm and cold waters rise and fall deeper water is recharged with oxygen
26
What happens in the winter? with oxygen Oxygen demand is what? What does ice do?
oxygen solubility is higher at lower temperatures oxygen demand reduced for most organisms ice reduces diffusion from the atmosphere
27
pH range of natural waters
acidic
28
Seawater pH
alkaline
29
Limestone vs Granite
-watersheds dominated by limestone higher pH and well buffered -watersheds dominated by sandstone or granite lower pH, less well buffered
30
Stream character and structure is
modified by velocity of the current
31
Velocity is affected by
-shape and steepness of the stream channel -stream channel width, depth, the roughness of the bottom -rainfall intensity -rapidity of snow melt
32
Wind generates waves on
large lakes, open oceans
33
Ocean currents are influenced by
prevailing wind direction, Coriolis effect
34
Lunar Tides
bulge on the moon side due to gravitation attraction bulge on the opposite side because gravitation force at that point is less than Earths center
35
Solar Tides
weaker gravitational pull on tides partially marked by lunar tides
36
Intertidal Zone in ocean
-lies between high and low tide water lines -daily periods of submergence and exposure -organisms high in the intertidal zone exposed to environmental -extremes wide temperature fluctuations intense solar radiation -dessication air
37
Estuary
where freshwater and saltwater mix
38
Saltwater, freshwater which one is more dense what mixes them together where does it lose salinity or gain
vertically: saltwater is more dense than freshwater currents and winds can mix the water horizontally: lowest salinity at the river mouth highest salinity at the sea
39
Organisms living in an estuary
adaptions to these changes in salinity
40
Lakes formed by
formed by: Glaciation Geologic Activity River Activity Resacas or Oxbow lakes
41
Lake Structure
-Littoral Zone: shallow water zone, light reaches the bottom Emergent, Rooted Plants -Limnetic Zone: open water Extends to the depth of light penetration Habitat of plankton and nekton (free swimming organisms such as fish) -Profundal Zone: beyond the depth of effective light penetration compensation depth of light, respiration balances photosynthesis -Benthic Zone: bottom region primary place of decomposition
42
Oligotrophic vs Eutrophic in lakes
-oligotrophic: low nutrients level and biological production often well oxygenated usually deep, cool lakes -eutrophic: high nutrient levels and biological production may be depleted of oxygen, usually shallow, warm lakes
43
Rivers and streams result from
precipitation > evaporation runoff from surrounding terrestrial environment
44
Rivers and streams are divided into
three dimensions: length, vertical, width
45
Width Classification
wetted-always wet active channels-covered during floods riparian zone-transition area between the aquatic and upland terrestrial environment
46
Vertical Classification
divided into the water surface and water column -hyporheic zone: transition between surface water and groundwater -phreatic zone: groundwater
47
Length Classification
stream dominated by various along length riffles water runs rapidly over rocks good oxygenation pools deeper areas of slower moving water accumulate silt and organic matter
48
Salinity and oxygen in rivers and streams
salinity is based on leaching in the basin oxygen inversely correlated with temperature
49
fast water streams adaptations
stream lined from: flattened bodies and broad, flat limbs protective cases with sticky undersurfaces
50
slow water streams adaptations
compressed from bottom feeding fish and water striders and back swimmers
51
aquatic invertebrate feeding groups in rivers/streams
-shredders: feed on bacteria and fungi growing on coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM > 1 mm diameter) break down the material in the process -filtering and gathering: collectors feed on fine particulate organic matter (FPOM < 1 mm and > 0.45) produced by the action of the shredders -grazers: feed on the algal coating of substrates -gougers: burrow into waterlogged fallen trees -predatory insect larvae and fish feed on the grazers and detrital feeders
52
Order of River Concept Medium Sized Creeks and Rivers
fourth through sixth order width increase importance of terrestrial detrital decreases temperature rises surface more exposed current slows, elevation gradient declines GPP exceeds respiration collectors and grazers dominant predators shift to warm water species
53
What is dominant of river continuum concept nearer mouth of river
-channel wider and deeper -flow volume increase and current slows -sediments accumulate on the bottom -autotrophic and riparian production increases -autochtophic and riparian production increases -autochthonous production FPOM is a basic energy source -bottom living collectors dominant -slow, deep water, and DOM support a minimal phytophlakton and in turn, zooplakton, population
54
Freshwater wetlands terrestrial wetlands
terrestrial wetlands transitional zone between freshwater and land cover - 6% of Earths surface, most are local in occurrence, range along a gradient from permanently flooded to periodically saturated soil
55
Marshes
wetlands dominated by emergent herbaceous vegetation wet grasslands - reeds, sedges, grasses, cattails
56
Swaps
forested wetlands deep- water swamps cypress, tupelo, swamp oaks shrub swamps alder, willows
57
Bottomland or riparian
occasionally or seasonally flooded by river waters
58
Ocean Structure
-Littoral Zone (Intertidal Zone) between highest and lowest tidal levels exposed to air periodically -Neritic Zone up to 200 m continental shelf high productivity -oceanic zone open ocean > 200m
59
Oceanic Zones
-oceanic zone depths of the ocean low nutrient availability limits productivity -euphotic (photic) zone area with sufficient light for photosynthesis -aphotic zone area without sufficient light for photosynthesis depend on organic material from upper zones
60
Benthic
habitat on bottom of ocean
61
kelp beds
structure similar to terrestrial forests canopy at waters surface shallow marine waters
62
Coral Reefs from in what kind of waters ______ productivity
"tropical rain forests" of the ocean from in shallow, warm waters high productivity
63
reefs and kelp beds both grow in
surface waters with sufficient light for photosynthesis both limited by temperature
64
water currents
deliver oxygen and nutrients remove waste products biological productivity may depend on flushing action
65
Marine Shores Structure
Intertidal Zone can be divided vertically -supratidal fringe rarely covered by high tide Splash Zone -intertidal proper (littorial zone) -upper intertidal covered during highest tides -middle intertidal covered and uncovered by average tides -lower intertidal uncovered during lowest tides Subtidal: covered by water even during lowest tides
66
Rocky Shoreline Tide Pools Salinity increases and decreases
tide pools- exposed rock and open sea salinity increases with evaporation and decreases with freshwater source
67
Salt Marshes and Mangrove Forests are concentrated where?
concentrated along low lying coasts all driven by ocean tides and river flow it transports organisms, nutrients, oxygen, remove wastes, extremely vulnerable to human intrusion
68
Deep seepage/ deep storage
longterm
69
River Continuum Concept Headwater
headwater streams -usually swift, cold, and shaded forest regions -primary productivity is low -allochtonous production -dependent on terrestrial input of detritus > than 90% or organic input -shredders and collectors dominant grazers are minimal small autotrophic production -predators are mostly small fish

ecology (9 decks)

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