chapt 7&8 key terms Flashcards
life history
schedule of an organisms growth, development, reproduction and survival
fecundity
the number of offspring produced by an organism per reproductive episode
parity
the number of reproductive episodes an organisms experiences
parental investment
the amount of time of energy given to an offspring by its parents
longevity
life span of an organism
principal of allocation
the observation that when resources are devoted to one body structure, physiological fxn or behavior they cannot be allocated to another
coefficient of determination
an index that tells how well data fit to a line
determinate growth
a growth pattern in which an individual does not grow any more once it initiates reproduction
interminate growth
a growth pattern in which an individual continues to grow after it initiates reproduction
semelparity
when organisms reproduce only once during their life
iteroparity
when organisms reproduce multiple times during their life
annual
an organism that has a life span of one year
perennial
organism that has a life span of more than one year
senescene
a gradual decrease in fecundity and an increase in the probability of mortality
photoperiod
amount of light that occurs each day
sexual reproduction
reproduction mechanism in which progeny inherit DNA from two parents through union of two gametes
asexual reproduction
reproduction mechanism in which progeny inherit DNA from a single parent
vegetative reproduction
form of asexual reproduction in which an individual is produced from the nonsexual tissues of a parent
clones
individual that descend asexually from the same parent and bear the same genotype
binary fission
reproduction through duplication of genes followed by division of the cell into two identical cells
pathenogenesis
a form of asexual reproduction in which an embryo is produced without fertilization
cost of meiosis
50% reduction in the number of a parents genes passed on to the next generation via sexual reproduction vs asexual reproduction
red queen hypothesis
the hypothesis that sexual reproduction allows hosts to evolve at a rate that can counter the rapid evolution of parasites
simultaneous hemaphrodite
individuals that possess male and female reproduction fxns at the same time
sequential hermaphrodite
individuals that possess male and female reproductive fxns and then switch to possess the other fxns
perfect flowers
flowers that contain both male and female parts
monoecious
plants that have separate male and female flowers on the same individual
dioecious
plants that contain either only male flowers or only female on a single individual
environmental sex determination
a process in which sex determined largely by the environment
frequency dependent selection
when the rarer phenotype in a population is favored by natural selection
local mate competition
when competition for mates occurs in a very limited area and only a few males are required to fertilize all the females
mating systems
the number of mates each individual has and the permanence of the relationship with those mates
promiscuity
mating system in which males mate with multiple females and females mate with multiple males and do not create a lasting social bond
polygamy
mating system in which a single individual of one sex forms long terms social bonds with mates with more than one individual of the opposite sex
polygyny
mating system in which a male mates with more than one female
polyandry
mating system in which a female mates with more than one male
monogamy
mating system in which a social bond btwn one male and one female persists through the period that is required for them to rear their offsprign
extra-pair copulations
when an individual that has a social bond with a mate also breeds with other individuals
mate guarding
a behavior in which one partner prevents the other partner from participating in extra pair copulations
sexual selection
natural selection for sex specific traits related to reproduction
sexual dimorphism
the difference in the phenotype btwn males and females of the same species
primary sexual characteristics
traits related to fertilization
secondary sexual characteristics
traits related to differences btwn the sexes in terms of body size, ornaments, color, and courtship
good gene hypothesis
hypothesis that an individual chooses a mate that possesses a superior genotype
good health hypothesis
hypothesis that an individual chooses the healthiest mates
runaway sexual selection
when selection for preferences of a sexual trait and selection for that trait continue to reinforce each other
handicap principle
principle that the greater the handicap an individual carriers, the greater its ability to offset that handicap
intrasexual competition
competition btwn species of the same sex
intersexual competition
competition btwn species of the opposite sex
