chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Ecology

A

a broad field of scientific inquiry that focuses on..
interactions between organisms and their abiotic environments
effects of these interactions on their distribution and abundance

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2
Q

Ecology is…

A

inherently INTERDISCIPLINARY
integrating many seemingly diffuse fields such as:
Biology Sociology
Mathematics Geology
Physics Architecture
Chemistry Economics

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3
Q

Who coined the term ecology?

A

Ernst Haeckel

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4
Q

Ecology is the study of?

A

interactions between organisms and their environments

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5
Q

Economy of Nature

A

investigation of the total relationships of the animal both to its inorganic and organic environment

including its friendly and inimical relations with those animals and plants with which it comes directly or indirectly into contact

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6
Q

Relation between Evolution and Ecology

A

natural systems are formed through Evolution

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7
Q

Charles Darwin

A

-on the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
-derived from observation
-species change to better fit their environment

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8
Q

Stephen A. Forbes

A

look at entire environment instead of one fish species to understand all of fish species

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9
Q

Aldo Leopold

A

Proper way to manage areas for healthy population

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10
Q

Eugene Odum

A

look at energy and nutrients it is the currency of ecosystem function

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11
Q

John Muir

A

prevent damn, fight for conservation of natural reservation

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12
Q

Theodore Roosevelt

A

national parks preserved

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13
Q

Henry David Thoreau

A

-valued nature
-did the waldo pond experiences

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14
Q

Rachel Carson

A

-one of the first people to realize the global dangers of pesticide abuse (DDT).
-wrote silent spring and scientist responsible

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15
Q

What is the environment made up of?

A

-is the stuff around every level that influences its properties and dynamics
-made up of two things, abiotic and a biotic environment

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16
Q

The ecosystem is a collection of?

A

of parts that function as a unit

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17
Q

Biotic

A

living components

18
Q

Abiotic

A

nonliving (physical and chemical) components

19
Q

Nutrient Cycling

A

Dynamic System and REPLENISHMENT help maintain nutrients as well Replenished Nutrients More Deaths More Nutrients returned to the soil

20
Q

Levels of organization

A

-Organism
-Population: group of individuals of the same species that occupy a given area
-Communities: populations of diff. species living and interacting with an ecosystem
-Ecosystem: collected of related parts that function as a unit
-Landscape: area of land composed of communities and ecosystems
-Biomes: broad-scale regions
-Biosphere: thin layer around earth

21
Q

Order of Scientific Method

A

Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Hypothesis testing and repeat
Theory
Law

22
Q

Observation

A

form a question based on that observation

23
Q

Questioning

A

based on: Observations Natural History Behaviors Plants Animals
-Apparent Patterns
-Curiosity

24
Q

Hypothesis

A

an educated guess about what the answer to the question might be this is a statement of cause and effect that can be tested

25
Experiment
unlike field study, one factor can be examined at a time other factors are Controlled held constant so only independent can cause change
26
Field Experiment
-allows investigators to manipulate one condition in a field setting -take a single large field, subdivide it into plots, add nitrogen to some plots and not others controlling the independent variable -measure plant growth on all the plots (dependent variable) experiment site must vary minimally in other factors
27
Laboratory experiment
-allows investigator greater control over the experimental conditions -grow the grasses in a greenhouse temperature, soil moisture, and soil acidity can be kept constant investigate only the effect of nitrogen availability -but.. Greenhouse conditions are different than those in a field -response may be different than in a field environment
28
A model is
an abstract, simplified Representation of a Real System developed from results of observations and experiments can be descriptive (qualitative) or mathematical (quantitative)
29
Natural World
appears to be Chaotic
30
Physical Constants
what goes up must come down energy can be neither created or destroyed only transformed
31
Systems are ever changing
cells, individuals, species, populations, under constant flux
32
Uncertainty is Inherent in Science
The Scientific Method is a Continuous Process. -testing and correcting explanations -refine our understanding of the world around us -usually simplify the system being studied in order to establish cause and effect as a result only part of the picture is seen
33
Natural History
Basis of ALL Ecological Study -the natural development of organism over a period of time
34
Physiological Ecology
Physiological- responses to temp, light, other environment conditions
35
Ecosystem Ecology
an abiotic, biotic world
36
Community Ecology
diversity
37
Population Ecology
population growth, death, and birth
38
Evolutionary Ecology
natural selection, adaptation
39
Landscape Ecology
land, spatial process
40
Conservation Ecology
maintenance of biological diversity
41
Restoration Ecology
restoration manage disturbed lands `
42
Applied Ecology
all ecology applied to real world