chapter 1

Question 1

Definition of Ecology

Answer 1

a broad field of scientific inquiry that focuses on..
interactions between organisms and their abiotic environments
effects of these interactions on their distribution and abundance

Question 2

Ecology is…

Answer 2

inherently INTERDISCIPLINARY
integrating many seemingly diffuse fields such as:
Biology Sociology
Mathematics Geology
Physics Architecture
Chemistry Economics

Question 3

Who coined the term ecology?

Answer 3

Ernst Haeckel

Question 4

Ecology is the study of?

Answer 4

interactions between organisms and their environments

Question 5

Economy of Nature

Answer 5

investigation of the total relationships of the animal both to its inorganic and organic environment

including its friendly and inimical relations with those animals and plants with which it comes directly or indirectly into contact

Question 6

Relation between Evolution and Ecology

Answer 6

natural systems are formed through Evolution

Question 7

Charles Darwin

Answer 7

-on the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
-derived from observation
-species change to better fit their environment

Question 8

Stephen A. Forbes

Answer 8

look at entire environment instead of one fish species to understand all of fish species

Question 9

Aldo Leopold

Answer 9

Proper way to manage areas for healthy population

Question 10

Eugene Odum

Answer 10

look at energy and nutrients it is the currency of ecosystem function

Question 11

John Muir

Answer 11

prevent damn, fight for conservation of natural reservation

Question 12

Theodore Roosevelt

Answer 12

national parks preserved

Question 13

Henry David Thoreau

Answer 13

-valued nature
-did the waldo pond experiences

Question 14

Rachel Carson

Answer 14

-one of the first people to realize the global dangers of pesticide abuse (DDT).
-wrote silent spring and scientist responsible

Question 15

What is the environment made up of?

Answer 15

-is the stuff around every level that influences its properties and dynamics
-made up of two things, abiotic and a biotic environment

Question 16

The ecosystem is a collection of?

Answer 16

of parts that function as a unit

Question 17

Biotic

Answer 17

living components

Question 18

Abiotic

Answer 18

nonliving (physical and chemical) components

Question 19

Nutrient Cycling

Answer 19

Dynamic System and REPLENISHMENT help maintain nutrients as well Replenished Nutrients More Deaths More Nutrients returned to the soil

Question 20

Levels of organization

Answer 20

-Organism
-Population: group of individuals of the same species that occupy a given area
-Communities: populations of diff. species living and interacting with an ecosystem
-Ecosystem: collected of related parts that function as a unit
-Landscape: area of land composed of communities and ecosystems
-Biomes: broad-scale regions
-Biosphere: thin layer around earth

Question 21

Order of Scientific Method

Answer 21

Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Hypothesis testing and repeat
Theory
Law

Question 22

Observation

Answer 22

form a question based on that observation

Question 23

Questioning

Answer 23

based on: Observations Natural History Behaviors Plants Animals
-Apparent Patterns
-Curiosity

Question 24

Hypothesis

Answer 24

an educated guess about what the answer to the question might be this is a statement of cause and effect that can be tested

Question 25

Experiment

Answer 25

unlike field study, one factor can be examined at a time
other factors are Controlled
held constant so only independent can cause change

Question 26

Field Experiment

Answer 26

-allows investigators to manipulate one condition in a field setting
-take a single large field, subdivide it into plots, add nitrogen to some plots and not others controlling the independent variable
-measure plant growth on all the plots (dependent variable) experiment site must vary minimally in other factors

Question 27

Laboratory experiment

Answer 27

-allows investigator greater control over the experimental conditions
-grow the grasses in a greenhouse temperature, soil moisture, and soil acidity can be kept constant investigate only the effect of nitrogen availability
-but.. Greenhouse conditions are different than those in a field
-response may be different than in a field environment

Question 28

A model is

Answer 28

an abstract, simplified Representation of a Real System
developed from results of observations and experiments
can be descriptive (qualitative) or mathematical (quantitative)

Question 29

Natural World

Answer 29

appears to be Chaotic

Question 30

Physical Constants

Answer 30

what goes up must come down
energy can be neither created or destroyed only transformed

Question 31

Systems are ever changing

Answer 31

cells, individuals, species, populations, under constant flux

Question 32

Uncertainty is Inherent in Science

Answer 32

The Scientific Method is a Continuous Process.
-testing and correcting explanations
-refine our understanding of the world around us
-usually simplify the system being studied in order to establish cause and effect as a result only part of the picture is seen

Question 33

Natural History

Answer 33

Basis of ALL Ecological Study
-the natural development of organism over a period of time

Question 34

Physiological Ecology

Answer 34

Physiological- responses to temp, light, other environment conditions

Question 35

Ecosystem Ecology

Answer 35

an abiotic, biotic world

Question 36

Community Ecology

Answer 36

diversity

Question 37

Population Ecology

Answer 37

population growth, death, and birth

Question 38

Evolutionary Ecology

Answer 38

natural selection, adaptation

Question 39

Landscape Ecology

Answer 39

land, spatial process

Question 40

Conservation Ecology

Answer 40

maintenance of biological diversity

Question 41

Restoration Ecology

Answer 41

restoration manage disturbed lands `

Question 42

Applied Ecology

Answer 42

all ecology applied to real world