chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Effects of Gravity

A

animals
-internal skeleton
-external skeleton
fungi
-cell walls of chitin
plants
-cell walls of cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Land Constraints

A

gravity
nutrient acquisition
dessication
thermoregulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Soil

A

basis of terrestrial ecosystem
medium for plant growth
initial recipient of water, controlling its fate
recycling system
a habitat
both abiotic and biotic
has depth, length and width

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Soil Definition

A

solid substrate of terrestrial communities resulting from the interaction of weather and biological activities with the underlying geological formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Soil Layers

A

Organic Layer
Topsoil
Subsoil
Unconsolidated Material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Organic Layer

A

O Horizon
-dominated by organic material
-consists of undecomposed or partially decomposed plant materials such as dead leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Topsoil

A

A Horizon
-largely mineral soil developed from parent material
-organic matter leached from above gives the horizon a distinctive dark color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Subsoil

A

B Horizon
-accumulation of mineral particles such as clay and salts leached from topsoil
-distinguished based on color, structure, and kind of material accumulated from leaching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Unconsolidated Material

A

C Horizon
-derived from the original parent material from which the soil developed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Weathering

A

how soils are formed
-process whereby parent rock is broken down by physical and chemical processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mechanical Weathering

A

-results from the interaction of water due to it seeping into crevices
-results from temperature, water freezing and expanding which can break the rock into smaller pieces
-results from wind scouring the surface with dust and sand
-results from organisms’ plant roots splitting rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

chemically alters and breaks down rock and minerals
-soil organisms activities produce water, oxygen and acids
-organism material from dead organisms or shed tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Five Interrelated Factors for Soil Formation

A

-parent material
-biotic factors
-climate
-topography
-time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Water Potential

A

capacity to perform work
dependent on free energy content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Water Movement

A

water potential pie
-reduction in water potential due to dissolved substances
water potential m
-reduction in water potential due to Matric Forces
water potential p
-reduction in water potential due to negative pressure created by transpiration and changed in turgor pressure

-as long as water potential in plants is less than water potential in soil water flows from the soil to the plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Field Capacity

A

water held within the soil by internal capillary forces
varies with texture
lower in coarse soils
higher in fine soils

17
Q

Wilting Point

A

soil moisture level below which plants can no longer extract water
water present but held too tightly

18
Q

Soil Texture/Classification

A

Sand- 0.05 to 2.0 mm which is easy to see
Silt- 0.002 to 0.05 mm which is difficult to see with the naked eye
Clay-less than 0.002 mm which is microscopic

19
Q

Ideal Soil

A

50% soil particles, 50% pore space
-pore space includes spaces within and between soil particles
-old root channels
-animal burrows

20
Q

Clay and Humus

A

-influence nutrient content
-ability to hold minerals
-attraction to micelle influence leached mineral
-potassium and calcium ions leach easily

21
Q

Soil pH

A

-higher H concentration increases leaching

22
Q

Water Transpiration

A

-water vapor lost from leaves
-water moves to equalize osmotic pressure

23
Q

Transpirational Pull

A

-force or tension in leaves due to transpiration
-affects water column in Xylem
-acts as lower atmospheric pressure

24
Q

Water Movements in Plants

A

-movement goes from areas of higher water potential to lower potential

25
Control of Transpiration
water loss controlled by stomata
26
C3 Photosynthesis
-used by most plants and algae -CO2 + ribulose biphosphate (5 carbon sugar) -produces phosphoglyceric acid (3 carbon acid) -catalyzed by rubisco which is also an oxygenase -results in photorespiration- the release of CO2
27
C4 Photosynthesis
-reduce internal CO2 concentrations -increase rate of CO2 diffusion inward -need fewer stomata open which conserves water -assimilate carbon in 2 biochemical processes
28
CAM Photosynthesis
-Crassulacean Acid Metabolism -limited to succulent plants in arid and semi arid environments -carbon fixation takes place at night which reduced water loss -low rates of photosynthesis -extremely high rates of water use efficiency
29
Darwins Theory of Natural Selection
-organisms make offspring that look like them -chance variation between individuals -more offsprings are produced each generation that can survive -some individuals because of physical or behavioral traits have a higher chance of surviving than others in the same population
30
Temporal Variation
description of how environmental conditions change over time -rate and intensity important factors -history influences the evolution
31
Spatial Variation
-main influence on distributions -allows adaptive radiation
32
Phenotypic Plasticity
ability of one genotype to give rise to different phenotypes under different environmental conditions