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BIO 2130 > Chpater 22 > Flashcards

Chpater 22 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How are archea and bacteria distinguished?

A

Molecular components of membranes and cell walls
Methods to transcribe DNA and central dogma

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2
Q

Oldest evidence of life

A

Around 3.5 billion years ago and found in a thing called stromatolites formed from microbial mats

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3
Q

Stromatolites

A

Rocks that hold bacterial fossils

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4
Q

Virulence

A

The ability to cause disease

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5
Q

Endospores

A

Dormant structures formed during stressful periods
Used for survivability

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6
Q

Biofilms

A

Colonies of bacteria entangled by a polysaccharide rich matrix
Used for survivability

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7
Q

Bubonic Plague

A

Caused by bacterium/necrosis

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8
Q

Zoonoses

A

Animal diseases that can infect humans

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9
Q

Necrotizing fasciitis

A

Example of a Zoonoses

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10
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin resistant staph-aureus’

Super bug

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11
Q

Benefits of archea and prokaryotes

A

Explain origin of life
Search for ET?
Enzymes for industry
Consumption items
Bioremediation

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12
Q

Antibiotics

A

Things that kill bacteria and stop them from growing

Produced by soil and fungi

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13
Q

Extemophiles

A

Bacteria that can live in extreme conditions

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14
Q

Human gut extremophiles

A

Live in very acidic conditions so they can metabolize things in our stomach

Gained from diet and are essential to normal bodily functions

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15
Q

Hydrothermal vent extermophiles

A

Live under high pressure, temp, and chemicals

Have unique metabolism pathways due to the chemicals present and lack of O2

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16
Q

Gram positive vs Gram negative

A

The main difference between is the presence of petidoglycan and the location of it in the cell membrane/cell wall

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17
Q

Gram positive

A

High peptidoglycan

Outer layer of peptidoglycan and inner layer of plasma membrane (Lipoteichoic acids h attach them together)

18
Q

Gram negative

A

The outer and inner membrane are plasma and a small middle peptidoglycan wall in the center

(Lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins anchor each part together)

19
Q

Energy acquisition methods

A
  1. Photoautotrophs
  2. Chemoorganotrophs
  3. Chemolithotrophs
20
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Uses light to get energy

21
Q

Chemoorganotrophs

A

Oxidize organic molecules with high PE

22
Q

Chemolithotroph

A

Oxidize inorganic molecules with high PE

23
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Photoautotrophs that created the initial O2 environment \
Gram negative

24
Q

Brad’s and good w/ Cyanobacteria

A

BAds: Toxins
Goods: forms symbiotic relationship w/ fungi and helps in carbon cycle

25
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A

The recycling of nitrogen throughout the ecosystem
(Take a look at the figure in slides)

26
Q

Dead zones

A

A dangerous zone that causes organisms to die because there is a lack of oxygen

27
Q

Carbon cycle

A

How carbon cycles in the environment
(Look at graph in chapter 23)

28
Q

What are microbial mats?

A
  • first mats were found from hydrothermal vents
  • A large section of biofilm
29
Q

Why can’t most prokaryotes be cultured?

A

For the most part it is caused by a lack of knowledge of their growing conditions etc., but There is a state called viable but not cultureable that is a response to environmental stressed

30
Q

What is resuscitation

A

The process of a cell going from VBNC state to it’s “normal” life

31
Q

Phospholipids in bacteria vs Archaea

A

The phospholipid bilayer in bacteria is separate in two parts while Archaea is one long chain

32
Q

Three ways that introduce genetic diversity into prokaryotes

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Transduction
  3. Conjugation
33
Q

Transformation

A

Environmental DNA is incorporated into bacteria

34
Q

Transduction

A

Bacteriophage introduces their DNA into bacteria

35
Q

Conjugation

A

DNA is shared from Prokaryote to Prokaryote

36
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Gas nitrogen to usuable nitrogen

37
Q

Ammonification

A

Ammonia is released during the decomposition of organic compounds

38
Q

Nitrification

A

Ammonium to nitrite/nitrate

39
Q

Denitrification

A

Reduced nitrate to gaseous compounds

40
Q

Archaea vs Bacteria

A

Archaea has no petidoglycan while bacteria does

41
Q

3 ways to study bacteria

A
  1. Cultures
  2. Metagenomics
  3. Human micro biome

BIO 2130 (14 decks)

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