Chpater 22 Flashcards
How are archea and bacteria distinguished?
Molecular components of membranes and cell walls
Methods to transcribe DNA and central dogma
Oldest evidence of life
Around 3.5 billion years ago and found in a thing called stromatolites formed from microbial mats
Stromatolites
Rocks that hold bacterial fossils
Virulence
The ability to cause disease
Endospores
Dormant structures formed during stressful periods
Used for survivability
Biofilms
Colonies of bacteria entangled by a polysaccharide rich matrix
Used for survivability
Bubonic Plague
Caused by bacterium/necrosis
Zoonoses
Animal diseases that can infect humans
Necrotizing fasciitis
Example of a Zoonoses
MRSA
Methicillin resistant staph-aureus’
Super bug
Benefits of archea and prokaryotes
Explain origin of life
Search for ET?
Enzymes for industry
Consumption items
Bioremediation
Antibiotics
Things that kill bacteria and stop them from growing
Produced by soil and fungi
Extemophiles
Bacteria that can live in extreme conditions
Human gut extremophiles
Live in very acidic conditions so they can metabolize things in our stomach
Gained from diet and are essential to normal bodily functions
Hydrothermal vent extermophiles
Live under high pressure, temp, and chemicals
Have unique metabolism pathways due to the chemicals present and lack of O2
Gram positive vs Gram negative
The main difference between is the presence of petidoglycan and the location of it in the cell membrane/cell wall
Gram positive
High peptidoglycan
Outer layer of peptidoglycan and inner layer of plasma membrane (Lipoteichoic acids h attach them together)
Gram negative
The outer and inner membrane are plasma and a small middle peptidoglycan wall in the center
(Lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins anchor each part together)
Energy acquisition methods
- Photoautotrophs
- Chemoorganotrophs
- Chemolithotrophs
Photoautotrophs
Uses light to get energy
Chemoorganotrophs
Oxidize organic molecules with high PE
Chemolithotroph
Oxidize inorganic molecules with high PE
Cyanobacteria
Photoautotrophs that created the initial O2 environment \
Gram negative
Brad’s and good w/ Cyanobacteria
BAds: Toxins
Goods: forms symbiotic relationship w/ fungi and helps in carbon cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
The recycling of nitrogen throughout the ecosystem
(Take a look at the figure in slides)
Dead zones
A dangerous zone that causes organisms to die because there is a lack of oxygen
Carbon cycle
How carbon cycles in the environment
(Look at graph in chapter 23)
What are microbial mats?
- first mats were found from hydrothermal vents
- A large section of biofilm
Why can’t most prokaryotes be cultured?
For the most part it is caused by a lack of knowledge of their growing conditions etc., but There is a state called viable but not cultureable that is a response to environmental stressed
What is resuscitation
The process of a cell going from VBNC state to it’s “normal” life
Phospholipids in bacteria vs Archaea
The phospholipid bilayer in bacteria is separate in two parts while Archaea is one long chain
Three ways that introduce genetic diversity into prokaryotes
- Transformation
- Transduction
- Conjugation
Transformation
Environmental DNA is incorporated into bacteria
Transduction
Bacteriophage introduces their DNA into bacteria
Conjugation
DNA is shared from Prokaryote to Prokaryote
Nitrogen fixation
Gas nitrogen to usuable nitrogen
Ammonification
Ammonia is released during the decomposition of organic compounds
Nitrification
Ammonium to nitrite/nitrate
Denitrification
Reduced nitrate to gaseous compounds
Archaea vs Bacteria
Archaea has no petidoglycan while bacteria does
3 ways to study bacteria
- Cultures
- Metagenomics
- Human micro biome
