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BIO 2130 > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Two components about scientific theories

A

Theories are a pattern and a process

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2
Q

Typological thinking

A

Thinking that all animals come from god and unchanging
Plato- Came up with the idea
Aristotle- Made an heigharchy

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3
Q

Population Thinking

A

Thinking that populations change change over time due to many factors that affect fitness (Darwin and Wallace)

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4
Q

Paradigm Shfit

A

A new found information that completley changes how people think about a certain topic

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5
Q

Evidences for evolution

A

Fossil Records, Geologic Time Scale, Radiometric dating

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6
Q

Stratigraphy

A

Usignt he position of layers to determine age of fossils

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7
Q

Law of Succesion

A

Fossils are very familioar to todays species

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8
Q

Transitional Features

A

Features that are similar in present and ancestors

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9
Q

Vestigial Traits

A

Traits that are found in present organisms that have no real purpose now

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10
Q

Phylogenic Tree

A

A diagram that illustrats ancestory

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11
Q

Homology

A

Similarities between you and past acnestors (3 ways)
Genetic: How similar your genes are to ancestors
Developmental: How similar your embryo development are to ancestors
Structural Homology: How similar your structure are to ancestors

All of these can interact with eachother (Genes determine embryo; embryo determine structure etc.)

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12
Q

Speciation

A

Process of creating an new species

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13
Q

Internal Consistency

A

Data from different sources that support a theory

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14
Q

Forces that contribute to natural selection

A
  1. populations have varitiy in traits
  2. Some traits are hertible
  3. In each generation ore organisms are produced than can survive
  4. Induviduals with more favorable traits are more likely to survive
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15
Q

Evolution

A

Change in allel frequencies of a population overtime

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16
Q

Fitness

A

Ability for an induvidual to duruve to produce viable offsprings

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17
Q

Adaptation vs. Acclimation

A

An adaptation comes from a heritble trait while acclimation comes from a change in phenotype

18
Q

Misconceptions about evolutions

A

-Organisms are not like pokemon and they randomly change during their life
-Acclimation is not and adaptation
-Evolution is goal oriented
-There is no perfect organisms

19
Q

Argument for alturism in nature

A

Species with alturistic tendecies do not survive to reproduce offspring and selfish tendencies are rewarded.

20
Q

Fitness Trade off

A

A change in trait that affects one aspect of an induviduals fitness, but overall improves the fitness of an organism.

21
Q

Constraints on natural selection

A

Non adaptive traits- vestigial and silent mutations
Genetic Constraits- One good trait can negativley affect another trait
Fittness Tradeoffs- u know this one
Historical constraints

22
Q

What is a species

A

an evolutionary independent population

23
Q

Three concepts of indentitfying a species

A

Biological Species concept: Prezygotic and Postzygotic barriers
Morphological Species Concept: Differences in phenotype
Phylogenic Species Concept: Identifies species based on ancestory

24
Q

Hangups on all three

A

Biological: cannot be used for asexual or fossils
Morphological: There are cryptic species and polymorphic species
Phylogenic: There are few well-estimated phylogenic trees

25
Q

synapomorphies

A

A shared common trait that is used to distinguish between ancestor and present organisms

26
Q

Monophyletic group

A

an ancestral population
plus all of its descendants

27
Q

Allopatric vs Sympatric speciation

A

Allopatric is speciation in an isolated region while sympatric was speciation in a shared region

28
Q

Allopatric types

A

Dispersal: Population migrates
Variance: Physical splitting of habitat

29
Q

Sympatric types

A

External: events from environment speciate organisms (disruptive selection based on niches)
Internal: events from internal environment speciate organisms (chromosomal mutation)

30
Q

Sympatric by Internal events

A

Polyploidy: The condition of having a wrong ammount of ploidy
Autopolyploidy: Ploidy change due to mutations
Allopolyploidy: Hybrid offspring has errors in mitosis causing polyploidy

31
Q

Reinforcement

A

Traits that pervent/discourage inter-species offsprings

32
Q

Phaneozoric era

A

542mya to present

33
Q

Palezoic

A

Initial diversification of animals (permain exctintion)

34
Q

Mesozoic

A

Gymnosperms and dinosuars

35
Q

Cenozic

A

Mammals and angiosperms domintae (persent)

36
Q

Cambrain explosion

A

1st animal saround 635 mya

37
Q

Cambrain explosion

A

1st animal saround 635 mya ajnd was cuased by high O2 levels, Predation, and many new niches

38
Q

Permian exctintion

A

Largest extinction event (90% of all life died)

39
Q

Cretaceous Extinction

A

Large meteor destroyed all dinsouars (60-70% of life)

40
Q

K-T boundary

A

Associated with the Cretaceous Extinction and It is a layer of sediment that is used to determine if a fossil was before or after the the Cretaceous Extinction

BIO 2130 (14 decks)

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