Chapter 44 Flashcards
Whats ecology
Study of how organisms interact with their environment
Goals of ecology
Understand distributions and abundances of organisms
Approaches to ecology
Organismal, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Global
Biopshere
thin zone of earth where all life exists
Organismal ecology
how do individuals interact w/ physical environment?
Salmon migrate to freshwater from saltwater to breed
Population ecology
How and why does population size change over space and time?
FEmale salmon produce 1k eggs and only a few offspring survive to breed
Community ecology
How do species interact/consequences?
salmon are prey and predators
Ecosystem ecology
how does energy flow throughought the local environemtn
Ecosystem ecology
how does energy flow throughout the local environment
salmon die and decompose releasing nutrients.
Global ecology
How is the biosphere affected by global changes?
Worldwide populations of salmon affected by climate change
Biogeography
how organisms are distributed
Range
Geographic distribution
Niche
Set of conditions a species can tolerate
Biotic/abiotic factors
bio=live
abio= non-live
dispersal
movement from birthplace to area of occupation/breeding
phenology
study of climatic impact on organismal life cycles
“how does climate change affect generations of many differnet organisms”
Wallace Line
a line that marks a key distinction of species
Exotic vs Invasive species
exotic: not native species
invasive: not native that harms native species
Endemic
naturally occur species in a given place
Misconception of invasive species
It is right that invasive species are ver very bad for endemic species, but they can present some pros
Climate vs Weather
Climate is long-term weather conditions in an area while weather is short-term weather conditions
Why are there seasons?
Seasons are a result of the 23.5 degree tilt in earth’s axis. This causes light to hit earth in different ways that affect temp/percipitation during different seasons
Coriollus effect
A phenomena of wind trajectories that are cause by earths rotation and cells
Hadley, Mid-lattitude, and polar cells
0-30, 30-60, 60+ respectively. (explain how cells work)
How can geology affect local climates?
mountains affect land while ocean gyres affect waters
Biomes
Biomes are defeined by:
Temp
Moisture
Sunlight* (causes the other 3 to happen)
Wind
Why are biomes important
biomes are important because (ask goff)
Tropical Rainforest
Hgih spp. diversity, many niches because of this (constant high, high perc.)
Subtropical desert
30N and 30S latitudes, extreme temps lead to weird adaptations (high temp low perc.)
Temperate grasslands
Low productivity, fertile soils (above freezing but flucates, decent perc)
Temperate Forest
Deciduous trees (above freezing, but can flucuate, mid perc.)
Boreal forest (taiga)
Low productivity, high biomass, low diversity (mostly belowf freezing, but fluctuates, same perc.)
Tundra
Permafrost, Low Spp. diversity, productivity & biomass (mostly below freezing, can be above in summer, very low perc.)
Why do they define biomes by plants and not animals
Animals can’t fucking move
Net Primary Productivity
quantifying health of biome by subracting total carbon minus total CO2. Measures health of an environment as it equates the ammount of energy cycling
How are aquatic biomes defined?
Salinity, Depth, Flow of H2O, and Nutrient availability
Photic zone
0-200m, has lots of light
Oceanic zone
region of open sea
Netric Zone
the waters and biological communities living in the water column over the continental shelf
intertidal Zone
Very close to the beach and waves crash here
Aphotic zone
200m-4km, not much light
Abyssal Zone
4k-10k, no light at all
Benthic realm
Sea floor
Pelagic Realm
Anything below water that is not in direct contact with a shore or the bottom
3 Ways water flow influences nutrient avaibility
Coastal runoff- water moves over land and gather nutrients and debris
Upwellings- u know this already
Lake turn overs
3 Ways water flow influences nutrient avaibility
Coastal runoff- water moves over land and gather nutrients and debris
Ocean upwelling- Temp differences cause water from ebnthic regions with nutrients to go to the top
Lake Turnover: Similar idea to upwellings
Lake Turnover each season
Winter-stable water movement due to the ice floating on top
Spring turnover- Cold water from ice layer goes down and warmer unfrozen water raises
Summer stratification- high Temps on top and low temps on bottom
Fall turnover- As water starts to cool, cold water rises and hot water goes down
Why are esturaries important?
organisms use it as a birthplace
filter of fresh water to saltwater, nutrients, soil, soil, and trash
