Chp 8

Question 1

Primary reinforcer

Answer 1

A consequence that functions as a reinforcer bc it’s important in sustaining the life of the individual or the continuation of the species

Question 2

Conditioned reinforcers

Answer 2

Consequences that function as reinforcers only after learning occurs

Question 3

Pavlovian learning is responsible for the…

Answer 3

Transformation of a neutral consequence into a conditioned reinforcer
(A useless piece of paper, learned to be a valuable $50)

Question 4

Conditioned stimulus is equivalent to:

Answer 4

Conditioned reinforcer

Question 5

Unconditioned stimulus is equivalent to:

Answer 5

Primary reinforcer

Question 6

Verbal learning

Answer 6

A consequence can come to function as a conditioned reinforcer though verbal learning.

Question 7

Token economy

Answer 7

A set of rules governing the delivery of response-contingent conditioned reinforcers (tokens, points) that may be later exchanged for one or more backup reinforcers

Question 8

Backup reinforcer

Answer 8

The reinforcer provided after the conditioned reinforcer signals the delay reduction to its delivery

Question 9

In a token economy, earning a token signals that the individual is…

Answer 9

Nearer in time to a desired product or service (backup reinforcer) than they were before the token was given to them

Question 10

Features of token economy

Answer 10

Motivationally robust (bc many backup reinforcers / rewards),
Non-disruptive,
fair compensation (difficult=more tokens),
Portability, delay-bridging (immediate token after behavior)

Question 11

Principles of effective conditioned reinforcers

Answer 11

1. Use an effective backup reinforcer
2. Use a salient conditioned reinforcer
3. Use a conditioned reinforcer that signals a large delay reduction to the backup
4. Make sure the conditioned reinforcer is not redundant

Question 12

Generalized reinforcer

Answer 12

A conditioned reinforcer signals a delay reduction to more than 1 backup reinforcer

Question 13

Marking

Answer 13

The conditioned reinforcer immediately follows the response and this helps the individual learn which response produced the backup reinforcer

Question 14

Salient conditioned reinforcer

Answer 14

A noticeable reinforcer is better than one that’s easily overlooked

Question 15

Shaping

Answer 15

Differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a terminal behavior

Question 16

Flow

Answer 16

A state in which one feels immersed in a rewarding activity and in which we lose track of time and self

Question 17

Principles of effective shaping

Answer 17

1. Objectively define the terminal behavior
2. Along what dimension does the learner’s current behavior fall short of the terminal behavior
3. When mapping out the sequence of successive approximations, ensure that each one is neither too easy nor too difficult
4. Differential reinforcement: reinforce the current response approximation and extinguish everything else, including old response approximations
5. Be sure the learner has masters each response approximation before advancing to the next one
6. If the next approximation proves too difficult (extinction), lower the reinforcement criterion until responding is earning reinforces again.

Question 18

Percentile schedule of reinforcement

Answer 18

A simple automated training technique incorporating the 6 principles of effective shaping