Chp 14 Flashcards
Categories of verbal operants
Echoic, mand, tact, intraverbal
Echoic
Teaching a baby to say mama through echoing the speaker
Verbal operant where the response resembles the verbal antecedent stimulus and is maintained with a variety of socially mediated reinforcers
Mand
Asking for something that will satisfy a current need. Demanding to be listened to.
Verbal operant occasioned by an establishing operation and maintained by the verbally specified reinforcer.
Asking for water and getting water
Tact
When “water” is a tact it’s said in the presence of water. Operant in contact with stimulus.
Verbal operant occasioned by a nonverbal stimulus and maintained by a variety of social reinforcers
Intraverbal
Replying “I’m good” when asked “how are you”. The verbal responses are different but both reinforced
Verbal response occasioned by a verbal discriminative stimulus but the form of the response doesn’t resemble that stimulus; intraverbals are maintained by a variety of social reinforcers.
Verbal operants usage
Echoics- acquiring new words
Mands- recruiting the aid of others
Tacts- helping others
Intraverbals- interacting socially
Techniques in teaching verbal operants
- contact with antecedent stimulus
- prompting and fading the correct verbal response
- shaping
- arrange an effective reinforcer
Skinner’s functional approach to human language focused on…
The behavior of the speaker
Symmetric relational responding
The behavior of relating two arbitrary stimuli as, in many ways, the same.
Understanding that a picture of a cow and the word “cow” mean the same thing
Key ingredient in verbal behavior
Symmetric relational responding
Multiple exemplar training
Teaching an individual to symmetrically relate arbitrary stimuli, over and over again, with multiple examples.
Being able to identify all the different kinds of farm animals
Stimulus equivalence
The individual relates all of the stimuli, in many ways, we equivalent to one another.
Learning that “horse”, a physical horse, a picture of a horse, and “colt” are all the same.
Psychological function of verbal stimuli
The emotion-evoking function of verbal stimuli, despite those stimuli having never acquired Pavlovian CS function
Contingency-shaped behavior
Behavior acquired and maintained by interacting with the contingencies of reinforcement alone
Rule-governed behavior
Behavior influenced by a verbal description of the operative 3-term contingency (antecedent-behavior-consequence).
Types of rule-governed behavior
Pliance
Tracking
Pliance (compliance)
Rule governed behavior occurring bc of socially mediated positive or negative reinforcers.
Standing for the anthem at the rodeo but not while watching the Olympics at home.
Tracking
Rule-following occurring bc the instructions appear to correctly describe operant contingencies (reinforcement, extinction, or punishment) that operate in the world.
Rule following occurs bc…
doing so allows us to access reinforcers that would otherwise be difficult to obtain.
Examples of functional relationships
Pliance & contingent socially mediated reinforcers.
Tracking & contingencies in the natural world.
Pliance is likely if…
The individual or group giving the instruction controls powerful reinforcers.
Pliance is unlikely with punishment
ACT therapy
Acceptance & commitment therapy
Acceptance
Approaching the thought, so as to examine it flexibly, with a sense of curiosity
Values as defined in ACT
Client selected qualities of behavior that may be continuously emitted without reaching an end-goal
