chp 7 Flashcards by N R

EEG

electroencephalography

electrodes on scalp pick up electrical signals

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MEG

magnetoencephalogrpahy

sensors detect magnetic indicators of brain activity and seizures

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computed tomography

shows slice of brain, detect lesions

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PET

positron emission tomography

dye into bloodstream, follow path into active brain

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fMRI

tracks o2 use in brain, most active parts

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brain stimulation

used on animals and awake ppl

transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stim

used to create “virtual lesions” by temp turning off parts of brain and seeing impact

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BOLD

blood oxygenation level dependent
- measured by fmri
- imaging signals and blood mvmnt imaging

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issues w brain imaging

all parts of brain are active to a degree

brain activity in resp to stim does NOT mean the same psych process happens whenever it’s stimmed

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thalamus vs hypothalamus

thalamus: reg arousal, sorts sensory info and sends to brain regions
- damage = tremors, coma, schizo, lack awareness

hypothal: secretes hormones related to motivation and appetite

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hippocampus

processes memory

clive wearing: virus destroyed hippocampus, cannot form new memories

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nucleus accumbens

responds to pleasure, dopamine

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frontal cortex

divided into 2 lobes

assoc w cog function, planning, understanding
- less active w alcohol
- devs until 25 y/o

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amygdala

links perceptions and thoughts w emotional meaning

emtoions, threats, rewards
anx, sociability, sexuality

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left vs right frontal lobes

left: active in emotions
- approach
- emotional stability
- inhibit rxns to unpleasant stim

right: unpleasant emotions
- withdrawal
- neuroticism

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elliot

tumour surgery destroyed frontal lobes
- kept memory, math skills, personality, high IQ

lost ability to feel pos/neg emotions or prioritize, make decisions

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somatic marker hypothesis

somatic/emotional part of thought needed to problem solve and make decisions

emotions allow us to make decisions that max pos outcomes and min -ve

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phineas gage

became impulsive bcs of lobe damage

self-control and reg impulses

helemuth buxbaum

from london, ON

stroke in right lobes, paralyzed left body
- 6 kids and married
- used cocaine and prostitutes
- took insurance on wife and arranged murder, convicted
- did not say stroke was defense, but wouldn’t have acted same way w/o

capgras syndrome

amygdala damage severs connection b/w emotion and visual stimuli

don’t recog ppl bcs lack familiarity

emotional and cognition needed for functioning

orbitofrontal cortex

social reasoning, reward eval, read others, emotion

insula

disgust, empathy

ACC

anterior cingulate cortex

perception of phys and emot pain

imp for experiencing normal emotions, INHIBITS AMYGDALA
- controls emotion and impulses

FASD

fetal alcohol syndrome disorder
- under-diagnosed bcs symps can occur in adolescence

any drinking unsafe regardless of doctor approval, since don’t know tipping point

father drinks 72 days w/in conception, can cause FASD
- genetic diffs from alcohol can be carried on

charles whitman

US marines sniper

killed mother and wife, then 11 people on texas campus

pre-death, sought medical attention for headaches and violent urges
- went to police to ask for help, prevent actions

suicide note asked for autopsy: found tumour that interfered w amygdala-ACC circuit
- cannot control impulses or emotions

dr mate

canadian med doctor works w addiction ppl become addicted to cope w emotional pain - trauma CHANGES BRAIN and leads to addiction vulnerability

ACEs

adverse childhood experiences - 10 qs, high score = high risk questions abt: - incarcerated parents, divorce, abuse, domestic violence, alcoholic parent, abandonment, death, neglect

C and X system

c system: reflective, cog functioning and reasoning x system: reflexive, emotional process and instinct

prefrontal leuctomy

damage small area of white matter behind frontal lobes meant to dec overactive lobes and arousal

prefrontal lobotomy

remove whole sections of frontal lobes become shell of person, similar to brain damage patients now replaced w drugs

galen

said personality depended on balance of humours

neurons and types

neuron: dendrite and axon - release NT from synaptic cleft, attach to receptors on receiving neuron - promote/inhib impulse transmission afferent neuron: PNS to CNS efferent: CNS to PNS interneurons: org and reg transmissions b/w neurons - biggest bundle in brain

endorphins

inhibt neural transmission of pain natural opiates

dopamine

responds to rewards and approaching attractive things - sociability, activity lvl, novelty seeking - lacking --> parkinson's assoc w PLASTICITY: extraversion and openness related to bipolar and impulsivity activated by behavioural activation system/BAS

serotonin

INHIBITION of behav impulses related to stability

SSRIs

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors - inc serotonin by prevent reuptake - i.e. prozac psych effects controversial - pos effects, personality changes for ppl w diangosis - dec neg emotions w/o changing positive ones

issues w SSRI treatment

st john's wort interferes w birth control pill akathasia: inner restlessness ppl w BPD can get mania and hypomania tremors, can inc anx takes a week to inc mood

epi and NE

released by adrenal medulla - in resp to stress, cause fight/flight resp - women resp diff to stress i.e. tend and befriend...related to oxytocin initial and automatic resp to stress

testosterone

10x higher in men dec w fatherhood and marriage, inc w divorce anabolic steroid users inc aggression, dec sex women inc crime and sex

cortisol

released by stress anx and depressed have chronically high lvls low lvls = ptsd, sensation seeking

oxytocin

mother-child bond, attachment, sexual response dec fear, inc trustworthiness and attractiveness facilitates approach behav

big 5 and brain

serotonin assoc w stability dopamine assoc w plasticity