CHAPTER 3

Question 1

how to develop culturally useful measures

Answer 1

• see if cut-off scores differ for groups i.e. “problematic” dependence differs
• see if content is applicable

Question 2

what to do if no measure if validated for a culture

Answer 2

• avoid using scores
• use tests only for general hypotheses
• explicitly acknowledge limitations to validity

Question 3

new vs standard pracitce

Answer 3

new practice: use measures validated for groups

standard practice: consult published norms in interpreting findings

standard clinical practice: use mult assessment methods to dec bias

Question 4

MMPI-2

Answer 4

565 items, T/F

7 validity scales to see if exaggerated, truthful, etc.

also scales i.e. dep, anx, schizo

scored by computer that interps patterns to resp

tells things like validity of profile, symptomatic patterns, interpersonal relations

Question 5

PAI

Answer 5

personality assessment inventory: used instead of MMPI-2

uses many of same scales but w fewer items and 4 POINT RATING

22 scales:
- 4 validity
- 11 clinical, interpersonal relations, therapy readiness

has critical items that need attention

Question 6

multidimensional perfectionism scale

Answer 6

looks at 3 types of perfectionism

OOP
SOP
SPP

Question 7

socially-prescribed perfectionism

Answer 7

belief that others make unrealistic demands of self

inc anx, distress, anger, dep

Question 8

self-oriented perfectionism

Answer 8

unrealistic demands of self, assoc w ED, anx, proscrastination

Question 9

other-oriented perfectionism

Answer 9

expectations of others, assoc w narcissism

parents of OOP parents inc risk of dev SOP or SPP

Question 10

NEO PI-R

Answer 10

designed to assess personality characteristics in five factor model

FFM used more in research than clinically

Question 11

types of self report checklists

Answer 11

SCL-90-R: 90 items w 9 subscales
- indicates distress past 2 wks
- may overpathologize takers

outcome questionnaire 45 (OQ-45): 45 items, 3 subscales, 5 mins
- i.e. symptom distress, interpersonal relations
- valid across many pops

california q-sort (CAQ): 100 personality descs
- compare characteristics to self

Question 12

3 judgment by others measure types

Answer 12

1. behavioural obs
2. interviews
3. life stories

Question 13

interviews

Answer 13

unstructured: rich info, questionable validity…preferred by interviewees

structured: inc valid, not see nuances

Question 14

life stories

Answer 14

rich info via analysis of writings i.e. soc med, letters, diary

Question 15

behavioural obs

Answer 15

records the actual behav or person

• electronic pagers
• coding videotaped interactions
• simple counts of specific behav

Question 16

hare psychopathology test

Answer 16

is a revised PCL-R test….predicts recidivism, violence, responsiveness to therapy

20 item scale, 40 score max

clinican carries out review and gets info from ppl close to individ

1% meet criteria vs 15-25% of ppl in prison
- 10-15% in prison almost psychopathic

Question 17

psychopathy

Answer 17

superficial charm
grandiose
lack empathy

absence of fear in social and phys situations that scares others

Question 18

projective tests

Answer 18

presents ambig stim, task, situation

wants to access unconscious mind as taker projects their fears, hopes, etc. onto test

Question 19

sentence completion

Answer 19

i.e. my mother thinks i’m

Question 20

TAT

Answer 20

thematic apperception test

show pics and ask for a story
- reveals themes, expectations, defenses
- ask before, now, future

Question 21

rorscach ink blot test

Answer 21

10 cards presented in specific order

4th most used test, by 82% clinicians

scoring system is OUTDATED

now use R-PAS

Question 22

R-PAS

Answer 22

shows high inter-rater reliability

mixed findings abt VALIDITY, prob bcs some studies don’t specify scoring methods

R-PAS is empirical
- use computer to score
- available cross-cultural norms
- difficult to fake resp

Question 23

pros/cons projective tests

Answer 23

pros:
- good to break ice
- hard to fake
- skilled clinicians can get deep info

cons:
- time costly
- expensive
- sus and mistrust scientifically

Question 24

objective test

Answer 24

personality test of qs, esp if uses computer answer sheet

T/F, Y/N, or numbered scale

Question 25

what determines number of questions in objective tests

Answer 25

spearman brown formula

principle of aggregation: sum of many measures is more stable than a single measure

Question 26

3 methods of making objective tests

Answer 26

1. factor analytic
2. rational
3. empirical

Question 27

rational method

Answer 27

items are chosen based on FACE VALIDITY that they relate to content
- based on theory, gives S data

4 conditions for validity:
1. willingness to make acc report
2. items are valid indicators of construct
3. capability for self-assessment
4. items mean same thing to taker/writer

Question 28

empirical method

Answer 28

gather many items and divide sample into groups…administer test, then compare answers
- use cross validation

Question 29

factor analytic method

Answer 29

generate a long list of objective items, administer to ppl, then analyze w a factor
- find clusters of related traits i.e. put music into clusters like “pretentious” then give test to find correlated items

has been used to find fundamental traits i.e. FFM

Question 30

ways to evaluate research

Answer 30

1. significance testing
2. effect size
3. correlations
4. replication

Question 31

significance testing

Answer 31

stat significance: result only occurs by chance less than 5% of the time

p-level: probability of getting the same outcome from a test if variables were not manipulated

Question 32

null hypothesis vs NHST

Answer 32

null hypothesis: there is no difference b/w groups

NHST: null hypothesis significance testing
- trad method of stat data analysis
- determines chance of getting result if nothing manipulated

problems with NHST:
- 0.5 is abritrary
- nonsignificant results can be interpreted as no result
- only gives info on TYPE 1 ERROR

Question 33

type 1 vs type 2 error

Answer 33

type 1: false positive
type 2: false negative

mistakenly believe variables have this effect on e/o

Question 34

effect size

Answer 34

number reflecting degree to which a variable is related to another

more meaningful than p lvl

imp bcs sometimes small effect size may be stat sig but not meaningful in practical terms

i.e. only affects certain membs of pop

Question 35

correlations

Answer 35

b/w +/-1

0 = no relationship

correlation coefficient: deg to which pos/neg 1 in linear fashion

confidence intervals: estimate of range within the value of a stat probably lies

Question 36

p hacking

Answer 36

manipulation of data analysis until is produces a stat sig result

i.e. can’t replicate precognition article

Question 37

replicability

Answer 37

to make more dependable:
- use large numb participants
- share all data and methods
- report studies that don’t work
- never regard 1 study as definitive proof

Question 38

publication bias

Answer 38

tendency for research w strong results to be published

Question 39

purposes of personality testing

Answer 39

help ppl, select employees, learn abt ppl i.e. gov

arguments against it:
- rude to be defined as scores
- can discourage ppl from joining fields
- fields may not grow if similar ppl join
- tests can control ppl

responses to criticsm:
- we’re always going to be judged
- tests are more valid than informal judgments

Question 40

deception and privacy

Answer 40

deception allowed, but rare in personality research

privacy concerns w B data i.e. soc med

Question 41

uses of psych research

Answer 41

should have good > harm

honesty and open science: avoid plagiarism and fabrication