CHAP 13 Flashcards
learning
changing behav/thoughts
operant conditioning
reward v punish
behaviours w pleasant outcomes are reinforced
voluntary behaviour is controlled by consequences
classical conditioning
stims that occur close tgt will elicit same resp, i.e. pavlov dogs
learning approach
explains personality in terms of learning process
behaviourism
focuses on outright behaviour and observation
says exp determines behaviour and personality
habituation
simplest learning
become desensitized bcs of frequent stim
- can be -ve i.e. violence
dec response to major life events i.e. marriage bcs of habituation
- new normal
thorndike’s puzzle box
put cat in box, obs how long takes to escape w treat
w inc exposure, become more efficient
- also motivated by treat
reinforcement
increase probability a behav will reoccur
types of reinforcement
negative reinforcement: taking AWAY an aversive stim
- i.e. turn of bad song, use umbrella
- NOT a punishment
pos reinforcement: give pos stim
- can be used to reinforce bad behaviour
shaping
raising criterion for reward until behav achieved
- make more compelx
small and immediate reinforcers
interfere w actions needed to get larger, delayed reinforcer
i.e. phone on IG is immediately rewarding, interferes w longterm reinforcer of succeeding on test
uncertainty vs certainty
kohler’s chimps
had puzzles where they needed to reach banana
insight: immediately change behaviour and understand smth
shortcomings of behaviourism
organisms seen as passive, ignores thoughts and motivation
prim based on animal research
ignores social dimension of learning
observational learning
don’t need to be directly reinforced i.e. bobo doll
most effective when modelling is reinforced
motivation
what you want and how badly to get it
- goals drive behaviour by influencing attention, thoughts, actions
ppl don’t always act consistent w goals
idiographic goals
conscious at least some of the time
aimed at specific outcomes
nomothetic goals
common to almost everyone
mcclelland’s 3 primary: achievement, intimacy, power
emmon’s 5: enjoyment, self-assertion, esteem, interpersonal success, avoid -ve feelings
judgment goals
a nomothetic goal
seek to judge/affirm self
- will cause to give up if fail
developmental goals
to improve self i.e. try harder after failing
nomothetic goal
entity vs incremental theories
entity theories: belief that personal qualities are unchangeable
- leads to judgment goals
incremental theories: can change IQ, etc.
- developmental goals
defensive optimism and pessimism
defensive pessimism: expect worst, are relieved when doesn’t occur
defensive optimism: coping, performance, success
ppl are consistent w style across life
emotion
is perceptual knowledge, you just know “how to do it”
core emotions
happy
sad
fear
surprise
disgust
anger
universal emotions were evolutionarily advantageous
emotion circumplex
assumes emotions vary among 2 dimensions
aroused vs unaroused, pos vs neg
used to compare emotions to e/o
