CHAP 13

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

changing behav/thoughts

Question 2

operant conditioning

Answer 2

reward v punish

behaviours w pleasant outcomes are reinforced

voluntary behaviour is controlled by consequences

Question 3

classical conditioning

Answer 3

stims that occur close tgt will elicit same resp, i.e. pavlov dogs

Question 4

learning approach

Answer 4

explains personality in terms of learning process

Question 5

behaviourism

Answer 5

focuses on outright behaviour and observation

says exp determines behaviour and personality

Question 6

habituation

Answer 6

simplest learning

become desensitized bcs of frequent stim
- can be -ve i.e. violence

dec response to major life events i.e. marriage bcs of habituation
- new normal

Question 7

thorndike’s puzzle box

Answer 7

put cat in box, obs how long takes to escape w treat

w inc exposure, become more efficient
- also motivated by treat

Question 8

reinforcement

Answer 8

increase probability a behav will reoccur

Question 9

types of reinforcement

Answer 9

negative reinforcement: taking AWAY an aversive stim
- i.e. turn of bad song, use umbrella
- NOT a punishment

pos reinforcement: give pos stim
- can be used to reinforce bad behaviour

Question 10

shaping

Answer 10

raising criterion for reward until behav achieved
- make more compelx

Question 11

small and immediate reinforcers

Answer 11

interfere w actions needed to get larger, delayed reinforcer

i.e. phone on IG is immediately rewarding, interferes w longterm reinforcer of succeeding on test

uncertainty vs certainty

Question 12

kohler’s chimps

Answer 12

had puzzles where they needed to reach banana

insight: immediately change behaviour and understand smth

Question 13

shortcomings of behaviourism

Answer 13

organisms seen as passive, ignores thoughts and motivation

prim based on animal research

ignores social dimension of learning

Question 14

observational learning

Answer 14

don’t need to be directly reinforced i.e. bobo doll

most effective when modelling is reinforced

Question 15

motivation

Answer 15

what you want and how badly to get it
- goals drive behaviour by influencing attention, thoughts, actions

ppl don’t always act consistent w goals

Question 16

idiographic goals

Answer 16

conscious at least some of the time

aimed at specific outcomes

Question 17

nomothetic goals

Answer 17

common to almost everyone

mcclelland’s 3 primary: achievement, intimacy, power

emmon’s 5: enjoyment, self-assertion, esteem, interpersonal success, avoid -ve feelings

Question 18

judgment goals

Answer 18

a nomothetic goal

seek to judge/affirm self
- will cause to give up if fail

Question 19

developmental goals

Answer 19

to improve self i.e. try harder after failing

nomothetic goal

Question 20

entity vs incremental theories

Answer 20

entity theories: belief that personal qualities are unchangeable
- leads to judgment goals

incremental theories: can change IQ, etc.
- developmental goals

Question 21

defensive optimism and pessimism

Answer 21

defensive pessimism: expect worst, are relieved when doesn’t occur

defensive optimism: coping, performance, success

ppl are consistent w style across life

Question 22

emotion

Answer 22

is perceptual knowledge, you just know “how to do it”

Question 23

core emotions

Answer 23

happy
sad
fear
surprise
disgust
anger

universal emotions were evolutionarily advantageous

Question 24

emotion circumplex

Answer 24

assumes emotions vary among 2 dimensions

aroused vs unaroused, pos vs neg

used to compare emotions to e/o

Question 25

emotional intelligence

Answer 25

accurately perceive emotions in self and others…cognitive control and reg own emotions

related to emotional expressiveness, quality of relations, optimism

Question 26

alexythmia

Answer 26

difficulty in understanding/desc emotions

Question 27

CAPS

Answer 27

by mischel

most important aspects of personality/cognitive systems is their interaction

stable systems control how ppl select, construe, and process social info to make soc behaviour

Question 28

BEATS

Answer 28

beliefs, emots, and action tendencies

personality comes from mental representations of BEATS related to goals

basic motivations –> goals –> BEATS

Question 29

personality as a verb

Answer 29

is smth a person does i.e. think, want, feel

also processes of learning, motivation, emotion

Question 30

personality according to social learning theory

Answer 30

what a person thinks influences behaviour

thoughts don’t help understand behav

how OTHER ppl think is most important in deciding how person acts