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BI442—Immunology > Chp 6-8—Exam 3 > Flashcards

Chp 6-8—Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

phases 1-3 of b cell development

A
  1. repertoire assembly
  2. negative selection
  3. positive selection
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2
Q

b cell phase in bone marrow

A

repertoire assembly

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3
Q

stages of b cell development within phase 1

A

early pro
late pro
large pre
small pre
immature

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4
Q

VDJ heavy chain rearrangement for b cells occurs in the…

A

late pro B

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5
Q

VDJ rearrangement must provide a functional protein in 3…

A

reading frames

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6
Q

B cell heavy chain chances

A

2 - one chance with each parent’s chromosome

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7
Q

__% late pro B cells fail

A

50

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8
Q

b cell phase where RAG and TdT come in

A

large pre B

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9
Q

expresses heavy chain IgM as pre-Bcell receptor

A

large pre B

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10
Q

first functional pre B heavy chain initiates…

A

allelic exclusion

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11
Q

B cell stage which begins light chain rearrangement

A

small preB

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12
Q

light chain chances vs heavy chain in B cell

A

light chains get multiple chances on same chromosome

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13
Q

___ light chain tested first, 2 tries, then ____

A

kappa
lambda

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14
Q

____% small pre B cells can make a successful light chain

A

85

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15
Q

on the surface of immature B cell

A

IgM

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16
Q

receptor editing and clonal deletion occur in ______ phase of B cells

A

phase 2, negative selection

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17
Q

clonal deletion

A

B cell is eliminated if none of the new light chains succeed

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18
Q

receptor editing function

A

“fixes” immature B cells with autoreactive IgM

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19
Q

only ______ intolerant B cells undergo receptor editing

A

centrally

peripheral - it’s too late

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20
Q

lupus arises from…

A

B cells reacting to intercellular antigens ie DNA

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21
Q

B cells undergo maturation in…

A

primary lymphoid follicle

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22
Q

matured but naive B cells express mostly

A

IgD

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23
Q

location where development into plasma cells occurs

A

medullary cords

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24
Q

centroblast –> centrocyte pathway occurs with…

A

B cells that enter germinal center of secondary lymphoid follicle

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25
Q

centrocytes undergo…

A

affinity maturation

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26
Q

centrocytes that remain in follicle become…

A

memory cells

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27
Q

memory cells express…

A

IgG

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28
Q

double positive

A

immature T cell has CD4 and CD8 proteins

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29
Q

___ chain of TCR is made first, then____

A

Beta first
alpha next

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30
Q

thymocyte

A

uncommitted lymphoid precursor embedded in thymus stroma

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31
Q

after 4 days in thymus, thymocyte expresses…

A

IL-7 receptor

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32
Q

thymocyte is double…

A

negative

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33
Q

thymocytes migrate toward _____ and mature

A

subcapsular epithelium

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34
Q

first “fork in the path” for thymocytes

A

δ:𝛄 receptor or 𝛼:β receptor

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35
Q

T cell first checkpoint

A

Beta chain

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36
Q

___ chances for T cell to make a Beta chain

A

4

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37
Q

Beta + pTa =

A

superdimer

38
Q

_____ leads to CD3 and Zeta expression

A

superdimer

39
Q

at the end of first checkpoint, T cell is a …

A

pre-T cell

40
Q

T cell second checkpoint

A

Alpha chain

41
Q

at the end of the second checkpoint, T cell is a…
with a…

A

double positive immature T cell with a good TCR

42
Q

stain red

A

failed immature T cells that die

43
Q

primitive thymus structure present in embryo

A

thymic anlage

44
Q

positive selection for T cells involves thymic…

A

cortical epithelial cells

45
Q

ensures survival of T cell in positive selection phase

A

binds to MHCI or MCHII

46
Q

a T cell failing to bind MHC gets ____ days to make a new TCR before it dies

name

A

3-4 days

MHC restriction

47
Q

Lck and TH-POK involved in…

A

CD4 T cells

48
Q

negative selection eliminates T cells that bind…

A

too tightly

49
Q

alternative to negative selection after T cell release into circulation

A

Tregs

50
Q

TdT improves diversity of ___ chain for t cells

A

Alpha

51
Q

2 ways naive T cells move around

A

Enter lymph tissue through venule from circulation (HEV)

From node to node through lymphatic vessels, entering through middle T-cell area

52
Q

homing

A

naive T cells attracted to T cell area

53
Q

dendritic cells enter lymph node only through…

A

afferent duct

54
Q

empty MHC in dendritics before exposure marker

A

yellow-green

55
Q

MHC on dendrite surface presenting antigen marker

A

green

56
Q

vesicles containing digesting antigens marker

A

red

57
Q

vesicles containing MHC + antigen in cell marker

A

yellow

58
Q

micropinocytosis

A

phagocytosis of extracellular pathogens, digestion, and loading of antigens into MHCII

antigens presented to CD4 cell

59
Q

macropinocytosis

A

sampling of larger volumes of extracellular fluid to try and capture pathogens, like a fishing net

endosomal system allows MHCII presentation

rare way for viral antigen to be loaded on MHCII

60
Q

cytosolic system

A

viral infection

MHCI is assembled with viral antigens from immunoproteasome (transported to ER through TAP)

presentation is to CD8 cells

61
Q

cross-presentation

A

loading of antigens normally on MHCII to MHCI instead

62
Q

dendrite fusion

A

a dendritic cell that’s totally doomed will transfer antigens from its infection to an uninfected dendritic cell, to be presented on MHCI

63
Q

if a T cell recognizes a dendritic’s antigen..

A

LFA-1 changes shape and binds tightly for days

64
Q

matching T-cell + dendritic cell

A

cognate pair

65
Q

synapse signal 1

A

T cell binding to dendritic

66
Q

synapse signal 2

A

B7 (dendritic) binds CD28 (T cell)

67
Q

immunosuppressive drugs interfere with…

A

IL-2 signalling

68
Q

“survival sign” preventing anergy

A

IL-2

69
Q

old concept Type 1 CD4:

A

favors cell response, macrophages

TH1

70
Q

old concept Type 2 CD4:

A

favors B cell response

TFH

71
Q

TH1

activate…
fight… infections

A

macrophages
intracellular

72
Q

TH17

enhance…
acts in…

A

neutrophil response
peripheral tissues

73
Q

TH2

activate…
promote…

A

cellular/antibody response to parasites (granulocytes, IgE)
healing

74
Q

TFH

activate…
fight …infections
migrates to…

A

B cells
fight ALL infections
migrate to B cell area

75
Q

2 types of Tregs

A

Natural regulatory cells - made all the time - provide tolerance to our own tissues

Induced regulatory cells - in case of infection - TGF-β induces them

76
Q

requires priming

A

CD8

77
Q

priming involves MHCI or MHCII?

A

both

78
Q

T cell cytokines are made when?

A

upon TCR binding to antigen

79
Q

naive T cells only recognize…

A

dendritics

80
Q

B7/CD28 not required after…

A

stimulation to proliferation by IL-2

81
Q

CD8 cytotoxins

A

granzymes
perforin
serglycan
granulysin

82
Q

granzymes

A

5 serine proteases
can turn proteins in target cell into DNA proteases

83
Q

granulysin

A

detergent that dissolves membranes

84
Q

CD8 binding –> apoptosis takes ____

A

5 mins

85
Q

slow, deliberate process

A

CD40 binding to macrophage

86
Q

CD40 causes… changes in macrophage

A

phagolysosome fusion becomes more efficient - production of oxygen radicals, nitric oxide, proteases increases

87
Q

linked recognition

A

many B-cells in vicinity will be presenting different antigens from the pathogen

all B-cells presenting different epitopes will be stimulated by soluble cytokines in vicinity

88
Q

___ stimulates B cells to react to sugars, lipids from pathogen

A

TFH

89
Q

Hep B pathogenesis

A

unusually high production of TGF-β and Treg activity (wild type; most people)

super-resisters fight hepatitis very effectively

90
Q

absence of FoxP3…

tx?

A

leads to attack on gut, skin, endocrine glands

stem cell transplant in infancy is the only treatment

BI442—Immunology (8 decks)

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