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BI442—Immunology > Chp 4—Antibodies & B-Cells > Flashcards

Chp 4—Antibodies & B-Cells Flashcards

1
Q

antibody repertoire

A

from 10^9 to 10^16 - highly specific

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2
Q

Agammaglobulinemia

A

inability to make antibodies

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3
Q

4 parts of an antibody

A

2 identical heavy chains

2 identical light chains

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4
Q

glycosylation occurs on…

A

heavy chain

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5
Q

C termini

A

stalk of the Y

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6
Q

N termini

A

“ends” of the Y which bind antigen

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7
Q

N termini domain bound to C termini domain by…

A

disulfide bonds

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8
Q

disulfide bonds also called…

A

hinge region

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9
Q

Fc

A

fragment that crystallizes - stalk of Y - only constant regions are present

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10
Q

Fab

A

“arms” - contain all 4 variable regions - remain soluble

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11
Q

Antibody isotypes

A

G
M
D
A
E

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12
Q

extra fifth domain

A

IgE
IgM

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13
Q

predominant circulating antibody

A

IgG

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14
Q

predominant secretory antibody

A

IgA

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15
Q

least important Ig

A

IgD

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16
Q

types of heavy chains

A

𝛄, μ, δ, 𝛼

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17
Q

types of light chains

A

ƛ or 𝝹

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18
Q

____% light chains are kappa
____% light chains are lambda

A

67
33

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19
Q

epitope also called…

A

antigenic determinant

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20
Q

2 types of antigen geometry

A

linear
discontinuous

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21
Q

denatured _______ antigen impedes action of antibody

A

linear

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22
Q

multivalent

A

antigen with multiple epitopes

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23
Q

types of forces contributing to affinity

A

H bonds
VDW forces
electrostatic
hydrophobic interactions

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24
Q

catalytic antibodies…

A

bind and inactivate target molecules

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25
Q

variable regions divided into…

A

framework regions

hypervariable regions

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26
Q

hypervariable regions divided into…

A

CDR1
CDR2
CDR3

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27
Q

intravenous antibody

A

from 10k - 60k people

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28
Q

Mab

A

preparation of a single useful antibody (monoclonal)

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29
Q

hybridoma

A

canceous myeloma cell is fused to all B-cells from immunized animal - Myeloma and B cells are killed off - hybridoma produces Mab

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30
Q

original use of Mab

A

bind all CD3 antigens on human T-cells, preventing kidney transplant rejection

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31
Q

4 types of therapeutic Mab

A

mouse
chimera
humanized
human

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32
Q

mouse Mab use

A

only used once for one person

33
Q

chimera Mab structure & use

A

human constant region, mouse variable region

Rituximab - treats non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma

34
Q

humanized Mab structure & use

A

all human except CDRs

Omalizumab - treats severe allergic asthma

35
Q

human Mab use

A

Adalimumab - binds TNF-𝛼 to treat rheumatoid arthritis

36
Q

L =
V =
J =
D =
C =
MC =
SC =

A

L = leader
V = variable
J = joiner
D = diversity
C = constant
MC = membrane component
SC = soluble component

37
Q

somatic recombination

A

fragments of genes recombine when lymphoid precursor differentiates into a naive B-cell

38
Q

Somatic recombinations of regions on light and heavy chains give ______ antibody genotypes

A

1.6 million

39
Q

Allelic exclusion

A

once gene rearrangement for effective light and heavy chains are complete, the cell stops rearrangement processes

40
Q

lambda chromosome

A

22

41
Q

kappa chromosome

A

2

42
Q

Variable regions of light chain formed from recombination of…

A

V & J

43
Q

heavy chain chromosome

A

14

44
Q

Variable regions of heavy chain formed from recombination of….

A

V, D, J

45
Q

junctional diversity occurs with…

A

CDR3

46
Q

During junctional diversity, an extra __ bases after ___, and before ___ line up

A

7 bases (heptamer)
after D
before J

47
Q

randomly adds N (new) nucleotides during junctional diversity

A

terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)

48
Q

removes unpaired bases from the end during junctional diversity
gaps are filled to complete novel joining regions

A

exonuclease

49
Q

In B-cells, mRNA splicing leads only to…

in naive B cells

A

IgM or IgD

50
Q

MC connected to …

A

poly-A tails

51
Q

function of dimer Ig𝛼 + Igβ

A

help guide antibody to membrane from golgi apparatus

help send transduction signals to nucleus in case of binding between antibody and antigen

52
Q

selection

A

meeting of antigen with specific B cell

53
Q

selection causes…

A

mRNA splicing to be modified, so MC is replaced with SC

54
Q

explain affinity maturation
- name of mutation type
- enzyme involved & function
- type of mutation resulting
- allows for…

A

During clonal expansion after selection, additional variability is induced by somatic hypermutation

activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) changes cytosines to uracils, which are randomly replaced with nucelotide bases over time

results in point mutations, which leads to better and better antibodies

Allows competition between nearly identical B cell clones - CDRs improve - Cells with best variable regions expand fastest

55
Q

AID-deficient patients…

A

make lots of IgM

56
Q

IgM pentamer forms with Fc portions joining at…

A

J chain

57
Q

avidity

A

overall strength of antibody

58
Q

explain IgM avidity

A

low affinity, but lots of binding sites leads to greater avidity

59
Q

isotypes made by gene rearrangement upon reexposure to antigen

A

IgA, IgG, IgE

60
Q

Explain IgG synthesis as modified from IgM/D

A

Switch (S) region added before and after C regions

AID modifies them, allowing them to splice out Cμ and Cδ regions, and replace them with C𝛄 regions

61
Q

isotype switching only occurs when…

A

Only occurs when B cell is activated by cytokines from T cells, which must be activated by that same antigen

62
Q

2 general modes of action for antibodies

A

opsonization

neutralization

63
Q

Gold standard

A

neutralization

64
Q

explain antibody opsonization

A

Fc region binds of C1q

activates classical pathway of complement

leads to phagocytosis by cells with Fc receptor

65
Q

IgM +++ function

A

activation of complement system (MAC)

66
Q

IgD +++ function

A

sensitization of basophils

67
Q

IgG1 and IgG3 +++ functions

A

neutralization
opsonization
NK sensitization
activation of complement (MAC)
placenta transport
extravascular diffusion

68
Q

IgG2 +++ functions

A

neutralization
extravascular diffusion

69
Q

IgG3 +++ functions

A

neutralization
opsonization
NK sensitization

70
Q

IgG4 +++ functions

A

neutralization
placenta transport
extravascular diffusion

71
Q

IgA +++ functions

A

neutralization
epithelial transport
extravascular diffusion

72
Q

IgE+++ functions

A

mast cell sensitization
basophil sensitization
(also eosinophils)

73
Q

IgA (monomer/dimer) present in blood

A

monomer

74
Q

IgE binds to inflamatory cells (with/without) antigen

A

without - waits for antigen to come along

75
Q

Respiratory antibody

A

IgE

76
Q

IgG subclasses differ in…

A

hinge region

77
Q

stretched hinge region

A

IgG3

78
Q

can swap variable chains in the blood

A

IgG4

79
Q

prevents IgE binding, dampening allergic response

A

IgG4

BI442—Immunology (8 decks)

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