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BI442—Immunology > Chp 2—Immediate innate immunity > Flashcards

Chp 2—Immediate innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

complement made by…

A

liver

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2
Q

zymogen

A

inactive until cleaved

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3
Q

C subunits held together by…

A

thioester bond

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4
Q

C subunits are cleaved by..

A

nucleophiles
may be on pathogen surface, or water

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5
Q

C3b opsonizes via…

A

complement fixation

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6
Q

C3a function

A

chemoattractant
inflammation

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7
Q

3 complement pathways in order of action

A
  • alternative
  • lectin
  • classical
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8
Q

what state is C3 in when it is released from liver?

A

thioester is not exposed, but slowly and spontaneously becomes exposed

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9
Q

when C3’s thioester is attacked by water…

A

C3 becomes iC3

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10
Q

driving force of alternative pathway

A

pathogen surface creates an environment where the rate of catalyzation from C3 to iC3 is higher

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11
Q

iC3 binds to….
causing…

A

inactive factor B
makes it susceptible to cleavage by factor D

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12
Q

iC3 cleavage results in…

A

Ba, released

Bb, remains bound to iC3, forming iC3bBb

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13
Q

C3bBb function

A

alternative convertase which cleaves C3

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14
Q

When does iC3bBb become an alternative convertase?

A

when it attaches to pathogen surface

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15
Q

RCA / CCP

A

properin/factor p
factor H
factor I
decay-accelerating factor
membrane cofactor protein

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16
Q

properdin/factor p function

A

binds to C3bBb on pathogen surfaces and prevents its degradation by proteases

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17
Q

factor I and factor H function

A

inactivate C3b to give iC3b

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18
Q

decay-accelerating factor function & location

A

human cells

binds to C3b of alternative C3 convertase, causing its dissociation

19
Q

membrane cofactor protein function & location

A

human cells

functions the same as DAF - also makes C3b more susceptible to inactivation by factor I

20
Q

Kupffer cells

A

macrophages of the liver

21
Q

how does C3b opsonize?

A

macrophages have CR1 which bind to C3b on pathogen surface

22
Q

CR3 & CR5 function

A

can also bind iC3b, which has no convertase activity but may be attached to pathogens

23
Q

complement involved in perforation

A

C5 - C9

24
Q

function of C5

A

cleaved - C5b initiates membrane attack complex

25
Q

what binds to C5a in plasma?

A

C6 & C7

26
Q

binding of C7 to C5a causes…

A

hydrophobic region of C7 to be exposed, which attaches to pathogen membrane

27
Q

occurs after C7 attaches to membrane

A

C8 binds to C5a, and the same thing happens as C7

28
Q

C8 initiates…

A

polymerization of C9, forming transmembrane pores

29
Q

deficiency in any complement involved in MAC increases susceptibility to…

A

Neisseria

30
Q

protects human cells from MAC

how?

A

s proteins, clusterin, factor J, and protectins (CD59)

prevent C9 recruitment

31
Q

anaphylatoxins

A

C3a and C5a

32
Q

functions of C3a and C5a

A

Act on phagocytes, mast cells, basophils, and endothelial cells to initiate degranulation of histamine, smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, and increased capillary permeability

Cause neutrophils and monocytes to adhere to blood vessel walls - increase their phagocytic capacity by causing upregulation of CR1 and CR3

33
Q

released by platelets

A

prostaglandins, hydrolytic enzymes, growth factors such as PDGF

34
Q

function of bradykinin

A

increases vasodilation, bringing more materials of innate immunity to the site

35
Q

responsible for long covid

A

bradykinin/kinin system

36
Q

function of 𝛼2-macroglobulins

A

contain thioester bonds acting as “bait” - conformational change upon binding of pathogen proteases “wraps up” the protease and inactivates it

37
Q

function of defensins

A

disrupt membranes

38
Q

defensins produced by…

A

epithelia, neutrophils, Paneth cells

39
Q

defensins produced by neutrophils are activated by…

A

salt

40
Q

biochemical structure/function of defensins

A

amphipathic

hydrophobic region becomes embedded in membranes, disrupting the bilayer and creating holes in the membrane

41
Q

2 classes of defensins

A

𝛼-defensins and β-defensins

42
Q

what class of defensins are cryptdins?

A

alpha

43
Q

plasma protein that opsonizes, but not very specifically

A

pentraxin

BI442—Immunology (8 decks)

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