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BI442—Immunology > Chp 3—Induced innate immunity > Flashcards

Chp 3—Induced innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

induced innate immunity begins…

A

4 hours to 4 days after infection

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2
Q

4 main types of macrophage receptors

A

lectins
scavenger
MARCO
CR3 & CR4

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3
Q

lectins bind…

A

carbs

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4
Q

2 types of lectins

A

Mannose receptor
dectin-1

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5
Q

function of c-type lectins

A

cause Ca+ accumulation

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6
Q

dectin has __ CTLD
mannose receptor has ___ CTLD

A

1
8

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7
Q

scavenger receptors first ID’d by…

A

ability to remove lipoproteins from blood

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8
Q

SR-A function

A

binds lipopeptides (LPS, LTA)

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9
Q

SR-B function

A

binds diacylated lipopeptide

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10
Q

MARCO

A

macrophage receptor with collagenous structure

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11
Q

MARCO shape

A

rod

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12
Q

MARCO function

A

binds LPS

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13
Q

CR3 & CR4 part of _____ class of proteins

A

integrin

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14
Q

CR3 & CR4 function

A

bind iC3b

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15
Q

cytokines produced by macrophage

A

IL-1β
TNF-a
IL-6
CXCL8
IL-12

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16
Q

most important/primary IL

A

IL-1

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17
Q

IL-6 function

A

causes increased temp locally due to muscle contraction

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18
Q

CXCL8 function

A

chemoattractant to WBCs/neutrophils

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19
Q

IL-12 function

A

recruits NK cells

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20
Q

major controller of macrophage gene expression

A

NFKB

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21
Q

NFKB usually inhibited by

A

I𝝹B

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22
Q

effect of a receptor signal on a macrophage

A

removal/destruction of IKB

release of NFKB

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23
Q

NOD-like receptors

location, function

A

Located in the cytoplasm
Recognize components of bacterial cell walls

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24
Q

inflammasome associated with IL-

A

1B

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25
Q

inflammasome produces ______, which…

A

produces active capsase 1, which cleaves inactive form if IL-1β to produce its active form

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26
Q

how do neutrophils differ from macrophages? (6)

A

not found in healthy tissue
are short-lived
travel from bone to blood to infected tissues
die and form pus
have more receptors
more antimicrobial granules

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27
Q

function of neutrophil adhesion molecules

A

allow neutrophil to move into tissues

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28
Q

adhesion molecules expressed on neutrophil

A

Vascular addressin (CD34)
Integrin LFA-1

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29
Q

adhesion molecules expressed on endothelials

A

ICAM-1, ICAM-2
selectin

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30
Q

results in expression of adhesion molecules on endothelials

A

TNF-𝛼

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31
Q

explain rolling adhesion

A

occurs in healthy conditions - weak selectin-mediated adhesion allows neutrophils to roll along endothelium

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32
Q

margination

A

tight binding between neutrophil and endothelium via adhesion molecules

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33
Q

extravasation

A

diapedesis, in which the neutrophil’s pseudopod pushes through the tight junctions of endothelial cells

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34
Q

migration

A

neutrophil moves into the tissue down the CXCL8 gradient

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35
Q

3 phases of neutrophil moving into tissue

A

margination, extravasation, migration

36
Q

3 types of neutrophil granules

A

primary/azurophilic
secondary/specific
tertiary/gelatinase

37
Q

primary granules contain…

A

myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, defensins, proteases, LPS-binding bacterial permeases

38
Q

sequesters harmful molecules in primary granules when not in use

A

Proteosulfate matrix

39
Q

secondary granules contain…

A

lactoferrin, lysozyme, NADPH oxidase

40
Q

flow of oxygen stuff during neutrophil phagocytosis

A

respiratory burst – more O2 is consumed

NADPH oxidase produces superoxide radicals, harmful to pathogens

converted to H2O2 by superoxide dismutase

converted to O2 and H2O by catalase

neutrophil is killed by harmful O2 species

41
Q

why do neutrophils die?

A

cannot replenish granule contents

damaged by O2 species

42
Q

major pus-forming infections

A

Staph aureus & Strep pyogenes

43
Q

explain netosis

A

Nuclei of neutrophils swell & release DNA upon death - embedded in this DNA are defensins, proteases, calprotectin (antifungal) - bacteria become trapped in weblike material and are degraded - also effective against fungi and viruses

44
Q

how do some pathogens escape netosis?

A

DNAse

45
Q

explain Chronic granulomatous disease

A

lacking NADPH oxidase

cannot get rid of neutrophils

accumulation in macrophages causes granuloma

46
Q

responsible for calor (3)

A

IL-1 + IL-6 + TNF-𝛼

47
Q

2 purposes of fever

A

restriction of pathogen growth

ideal macrophage temp is 42 C

48
Q

IL-1 + IL-6 + TNF-𝛼

effects on liver

A

increase release of acute-phase proteins (C-reactive protein, mannose-binding lectin) activates complement

49
Q

IL-1 + IL-6 + TNF-𝛼

effects on marrow

A

neutrophil mobilization

50
Q

acute phase proteins ()

A

fibrinogen

c-reactive protein

mannose-binding lectin

51
Q

classification and general function of CRP

A

part of pentraxin family - opsonin & complement activator

52
Q

CRP function

A

activates classical pathway, via C1

53
Q

structure of C1

A

q, r, s subunits

flower shape

54
Q

C1 cleaves…

A

C4

55
Q

2 flowers

A

MBL

C1

56
Q

MBL part of _____ family

A

collectin

57
Q

MBL coat…

A

pathogens which have lectin

58
Q

function of MBL

A

initiates lectin branch of complement activation

59
Q

proteases part of MBL

A

MASP 1 & MASP 2

60
Q

when MBL binds mannose…

A

MASP 1 & MASP 2 cleave one another, and can then cleave C2 & C4

61
Q

complement involved in classical pathway

A

C4b + C2a on pathogen surface acts as opsonin

62
Q

function of TLRs

A

recognize microbial products

63
Q

very old proteins with different allotypes

A

TLRs

64
Q

2 types of TLRs & what they bind

A

cell-surface: LPS, LTA, zymosan, flagellin, etc

endosomal: RNA

65
Q

Altered TLR-4 gene increases susceptibility to…

A

septic shock

66
Q

classical convertase

A

C4b2a

67
Q

fibrinogen cleaved by…

A

coagulase

68
Q

partner to IL-1

A

TNF-a

69
Q

endosomal TLR responding to RNA

A

TLR-3

70
Q

TLR-4 binds…

A

LPS

71
Q

C5 convertase

A

C3b2Bb

72
Q

4 functions of IFN

A

Degrade viral DNA

Interfere with protein synth

Alert other cells to presence of virally infected cell nearby

Activate NK cells

73
Q

_____ is made first, and signals synthesis of ______ via paracrine and autocrine

A

IFN-B

IFN-a

74
Q

IFN-B –> IFN-a

A

interferon response

75
Q

function of RIG-like receptors

A

Dimerize and bind mitochondrial antiviral proteins (MAVs) - set of a kinase cascade that activates IRF-3 and NF𝝹B

76
Q

RIG-likes lead to synthesis of…

A

IFN

77
Q

plasmacytoid dendritic cells function

A

make 1000 times more IFN than other cells

78
Q

plasmacytoid dendritics detect…

A

detect infection via TLR7 & TLR9 endosomes - activate transcription of IRF7

79
Q

functions of NK cells

A

Detect & destroy virally infected cells

Activage macrophages to produce more inflammatory cytokines and phagocytize viral particles

80
Q

NK-deficient people susceptible to….

A

viral infections

herpes

81
Q

support pregnancy

A

uterine NK cells

82
Q

NK cells destroy targets via a ________ that forms between them

A

synapse

83
Q

NK cells release IFN __, which…

A

IFN-𝛄

promotes phagocytosis by macrophage

84
Q

origin of dendritic cells

A

monocytes

85
Q

infected dendritics release…

A

IL-15, which stimulates NK cells to become cytotoxic & proliferate

86
Q

IL-15 function

A

released by dendritics, stimulating NK cells

87
Q

sentinel role

A

dendritic cells

BI442—Immunology (8 decks)

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