Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

delivering pharmaceutical care > childhood conditions > Flashcards

childhood conditions Flashcards

1
Q

state various childhood conditions?

A

check slide 3,4 and 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do we consider when dealing with childhood conditions

A 
Aetiology (cause/origin)
Differential diagnosis
Signs and symptoms
Evidence base for OTC medication
Practical prescribing and product selection
Additional advice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

major Gastro-Intestinal System issues kids have?

A

Reflux
Colic
Constipation/Diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the causes of reflux

A

passive transfer of gastric contents into the oesophagus due to transient or chronic relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter
Cow’s milk (milk protein) allergy
Rarely – a blockage in stomach or small intestine
Present at less than 6 weeks old with spontaneous resolution at 12-18 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the presenting symptoms of reflux

A 
Recurrent vomiting
Difficulty feeding
Failure to thrive
Abdominal pain
Irritability
Persistent hiccups or coughing
Frequent ear infections
Arching back or bringing knees up during feeds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the treatment and management for reflux

A

Reflux in babies is common and Tx not required if baby is happy, healthy and gaining weight appropriately
Thickened feeds e.g. carob seed flour
Sodium alginate e.g. Gaviscon Infant – dose as per recommendation by GP, not recommended for pre-term infants
Proton pump inhibitors e.g. Omeprazole or H2receptor antagonists e.g. ranitidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the advice to give for child reflux

A

burping baby regularly throughout feeding
giving baby smaller but more frequent feeds
holding baby upright for a period of time after feeding
Explore use of bottles that allow less air to enter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the causes of colic

A

Unknown

Defined as being present when baby cries at least 3h/day & 3d/week for 3w.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the presenting symptoms for colic

A

High-pitched crying with sudden onset and cannot be consoled
the crying begins at the same time each day, often in the afternoon or evening, ‘witching hours’
the baby might draw their legs up when they cry, and their tummy might look swollen
clench their hands
the baby’s face flushes
crying often calms down when the baby is exhausted or when they have passed wind or a stool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

when do you refer for colic

A

Refer if floppy, green vomit, blood in stools, fever - 38°C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the treatment and management for colic

A

Anti-foaming agents, e.g. simethicone, contained in Dentinox® and Infacol®. There is little evidence to show that these drops help in colic.
Gripe water, containing sodium bicarbonate and herbal aromatic oils, evidence for its effectiveness is lacking.
Whey hydrolysate formula milk has been shown to ease symptoms. E.g. Nutramigen®, Pepdite® and Pepti-junior®.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the advice to give for child colic

A

Upright position to allow wind to pass
If breastfeeding avoid chocolate, alcohol, spicy foods, dairy products
If bottle feeding use anti-colic bottle with correct size teat
Baby massage
Take a break – relaxed parents, relaxed baby

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the causes of child constipation

A

Changes in diet

‘Toilet phobia’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the presenting symptoms of child constipation

A

Tummy ache
Pain when passing stools
Anxiety associated with potty training

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the treatments for child constipation

A

Fibre
Fluids – prune, pear, apple juice
Physical activity
If all else fails – osmotic/bulk forming laxatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what advice to give for child constipation

A

Refer if weak, dizzy, pain on defecation, blood in stools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the causes of child diarrhoea

A

Gastroenteritis – viral/bacterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what advice to give for child diarrhoea

A

Keep child home from nursery/school for at least 2 days
Maintain hygiene – e.g. washing hands
Do NOT use swimming pool until 2 weeks after the symptoms top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the treatments for child diarrhoea

A

Carry on breast or bottle feeding (small feeds frequently)
Small sips of water between feeds/solid foods
Paracetamol
Oral rehydration solution
Loperamide (children over 12)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

when to refer for child diarrhoea

A

Refer if stops feeding whilst ill, dehydration, blood in stools, diarrhoea for more than 7 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when to refer for child constipation

A

Refer if weak, dizzy, pain on defecation, blood in stools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the most common respiratory system conditions for kids

A

Pertussis (Whooping cough)
Croup
Hand, foot and mouth
Asthma

23
Q

state facts about Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

A

Caused by Bordetella pertussis

‘Whoop’ only heard in older children – dangerous for babies

24
Q

when to refer for Pertussis

A

Refer if any suspected symptoms

25
Q

what are the symptoms of Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

A

More common at night
May cause vomiting
Face flushing, bleeding under skin/eyes
Cyanosis (turning blue)

26
Q

what are the treatment for Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

A

Antibiotic – erythromycin, only effective if given early
Once Whooping cough is established no tx is effective
Babies likely to require hospital admission, older children tx at home with prophylactic erythromycin on first onset of symptoms

27
Q

what are the complications from Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

A 
Dehydration (sunken fontanelles)
Weight loss
Pneumonia
Seizures
Brain damage from cyanosis (rare)
Death (rare)
28
Q

what are the additional advice for Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

A

Stay away from nursery from 48 hrs after tx starts or 3 weeks from when cough started
Hand washing
‘Catch it, Bin it, Kill it’
Vaccinations

29
Q

what are the causes of croup.

when does it resolve usually

A

Parainfluenza virus
Trachaea becomes inflamed and swollen, thick mucus produced
Symptoms resolve within 48-72 hours but cold symptoms may remain
Viral so no tx apart from anti-pyretics/pain relief prn

30
Q

what are the presenting symptoms of croup.

A

Difficult/painful breathing, especially on inhalation
Inspiratory stridor
Barking cough

31
Q

what are the treatment for croup.

A

no tx apart from anti-pyretics/pain relief prn

AVOID cough medicines that cause drowsiness

32
Q

what are the complications of croup.

A

Pneumonia
Middle ear infections
lymphadenitis

33
Q

when to refer for croup?

A

Refer if intercostal/subcostal recession, tachypnoea with agitation and pallor

34
Q

what are the causes of Hand, Foot and Mouth

what is the incubation period

when does it resolve usually

A

Coxsackie virus
Incubation period 3-6 days
Self-resolution in a week

35
Q

state facts about Childhood Asthma

when does it peak

what will the gp monitor

how is it treated

at what age is it suspicious for symptoms to show

A

Peaks at the age of 5 at GPs will not diagnose it until
GP will monitor peak flow PEFR (peak expiratory flow rate) & oxygen saturation
Treated in the same way as adult asthma but ensure patient has a spacer
Salbutamol 100mcg/dose up to 10 puffs prn for severe wheezing
If presenting with symptoms under the age of 2 years, child likely to be asymptomatic by mid childhood

36
Q

when to refer for asthma?

A

Refer all suspected cases of asthma

37
Q

what are the symptoms and causes of asthma

A

Persistent night time cough
Wheeze, tightness of chest
Hereditary
Triggered by exposure to pets, damp or cold air, laughter and exercise

38
Q

state facts about ringworm

appearance

causes

OTC treatment choice

A

Appearance, itchy

Causes – it’s not a worm! Fungal infection

OTC treatment choice– Daktacort (miconazole and hydrocortisone) /clotrimazole

39
Q

state the Common childhood conditions

A

Meningococcal disease
MMR
Erythema infectiosum (slapped cheek, fifth disease)
Scarlet fever

40
Q

state facts about Meningococcal disease

A

Serious bacterial infection that still causes a number of deaths and permanent disability
Meningococcus organism causes both meningitis (inflammation of meninges in the brain) and septicaemia
It is the septicaemia that can kill rapidly and causes the characteristic purple/blue, non-blanching rash, fever and malaise
Meningitis causes the headaches and light sensitivity
In 1° care pt tx with IM penicillin while contacts are given prophylactic rifampicin

41
Q

where to refer for Meningococcal disease

A

Refer to A&E IMMEDIATELY

42
Q

state the different times to administer the different vaccines for Meningococcal Disease

A

Vaccine
– Meningitis B (most common) at 8w,16w, 1yr

Meningitis C at 1yr

Meningitis ACWY as a teenager/ university

43
Q

state facts about measles in kids

presenting symptom

timeline

other associated symptoms

when to refer

A

Koplik’s spots in mouth – small, irregular, red spots with bluish-white speck in the middle – occurs on buccal mucosa

Measles rash starts at hair line and works downwards. Presents 2-3 days after cold symptoms listed below and lasts 3 days

runny nose, fever, cough and conjunctivitis

always refer

44
Q

state facts about mumps

when does it resolve

A

Caused by paramyxovirus

Fever plus swelling of one or both parotid glands (salivary glands) seen behind the angle of the jaw extending behind the earlobe

May be painful to swallow

May be asymptomatic or swelling alone

Will self-resolve over 1 week
No need to refer

45
Q

state facts about rubella

A

Cold symptoms

2 days later red-pink, itchy rash, conjunctivitis and swelling of lymph nodes

May be asymptomatic
High risk to foetus especially in early pregnancy so REFER

MMR vaccine given at 1year with a booster dose at 3yr and 4 months (just before school)

Rubella uncommon due to vaccine

46
Q

state facts about Slapped Cheek/Fifth Disease/ Parvovirus B19

what makes it resistant.

what is the incubation period?

what leads to life long immunity?

A

single-strand DNA virus with no lipid coat, which makes it very resistant to the normal means of killing viruses, such as disinfectants and freezing

Incubation period is 4-20 days before the rash develops. It is infective from 10 days pre-rash until the onset of the rash. Once the rash appears, it is no longer infectious

One attack confers lifelong immunity

47
Q

state other facts about Slapped Cheek/Fifth Disease/ Parvovirus B19

treatment?

differential diagnosis?

when to refer?

A

Presents with cold/flu like symptoms followed by sickness/diarrhoea

Treatment is symptomatic

Differential diagnosis: Measles, Rubella, Scarlet fever

Refer immunocompromised/pregnant women

48
Q

state symptoms of Scarlet Fever?

when to refer?

A

Red/pink blotchy rash usually starts on trunk
Feels like sandpaper
Blanching rash
strawberry tongue differentiates it from slapped cheeks
Mild infection treated with oral antibiotics at home to prevent complications
Severe infection/mild infection in immunocompromised requires admission
Refer all suspected cases

49
Q

what is the treatment of scarlet fever

A

10 day course penicillin V
10 day course amoxicillin if compliance with QDS penicillin on empty stomach is an issue
Azithromycin if allergic to penicillin

50
Q

how to do Ear Examinations?

A

Only a limited examination is possible within the confines of community pharmacy
Use of a pen torch
ADULT: gently but firmly hold the helix and pull it up and back
CHILD: gently but firmly hold the lobule and pull it down and back

51
Q

state facts about ear wax impaction?

A

Ear wax needs to be removed – MISCONCEPTION!
Ear wax protects the tympanic membrane, it is acidic so protects from infections.
Ears are self cleaning – the skin of the tympanic membrane migrates outwards away from the ear drum on shedding, and along the ear canal. Ear canal sheds wax from the ear.
Attempts to remove wax/clean ears can cause it to become trapped as migration is inhibited leading to impaction or worse – lacerate ear canal.
Symptoms – fullness, slight hearing loss, mild discomfort.

52
Q

how do you know about Ear Wax Impaction?

A

Foreign body in the EAM
Dizziness/tinnitus
OTC medication failure
Pain originating in middle ear

53
Q

what are Ear Wax Impaction - Treatments?

A

Very little evidence to suggest currently marketed products are better than warm water

Products available :
BNF suggests olive oil/almond oil/ sodium bicarbonate (BD/TDS up to 3 days)

Cerumol – cerumunolytic, 5d BD/TDS, plug with moistened cotton wool

Otex/Exterol – peroxide-based, 5d OD/BD, keep head tilted, do not plug 3-4days

Waxsol – docusate, fill the ear with the drops for max 2 consecutive nights

54
Q

explain Otitis Externa

A

Inflammation of the EAM
Causes – prolonged exposure to moist, humid environments and water (swimming), skin infections
Symptoms – irritation of Otitis externa, discharge that is NOT mucopurulent, pain
Differential diagnosis – perichondritis, auricular haematoma (cauliflower ear) from trauma, otalgia (ear ache)

delivering pharmaceutical care (44 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions