child psych 2 Flashcards
What is the gender ratio for depression in the prepubertal age group?
1:1
The prevalence of depression in the prepubertal age group is up to 3%.
What is the mainstay treatment for encopresis?
Behavioural modification
Ongoing behavioural intervention is essential to enhance appropriate bowel behaviour and reduce anxiety.
What genetic abnormality is most associated with an increased risk of having another child with Down’s syndrome?
Translocation
Approximately 94% of Down syndrome cases are due to Trisomy 21, but Robertsonian translocation significantly increases recurrence risk.
Which treatment is not routinely recommended for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents?
Treatment with benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines are not indicated due to potential adverse effects.
What is the prevalence of self-harm in teenagers identifying with Goth culture?
50%
A longitudinal study found 53% of Goth-identifying participants reported self-harm.
What MRI finding is commonly associated with autism?
Hypoplasia of cerebellar vermis
MRI findings may include increased brain size and abnormalities in the cerebellum.
What is the male to female ratio for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome?
3:1
The syndrome is characterized by multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic.
Which genetic disorder is closely associated with autism?
Fragile X syndrome
About 1-4% of children with autism also have fragile X syndrome.
What treatment is supported by evidence for anorexia nervosa in children and adolescents?
Family therapy
Family interventions directly addressing the eating disorder are especially beneficial.
What is the male to female ratio for conduct disorder?
4:1
Conduct disorder is more common among boys than girls.
Enuresis is defined as voiding of urine for a child of age _______.
5 years or older
Diagnosis requires a developmental or chronological age of at least 5 years.
Which statement about childhood elimination disorders is correct?
Enuresis may occur secondary to a psychiatric disorder
Enuresis is more common in boys than girls and can co-occur with depression.
What is true regarding enuresis?
May run in families
Enuresis has a high familial association and can occur as a psychiatric complication.
What is not associated with early-onset schizophrenia?
Decreased negative symptoms
Early-onset schizophrenia is often more severe, with increased negative symptoms and cognitive deficits.
What is the most likely risk factor for criminality at age 17 in a boy with behavioral problems at age 8?
Inadequate parenting
Early ADHD alone is not a risk factor unless accompanied by aggressive behavior.
Clinging and diffuse non-selectively focused attachment behaviour is seen in _______.
Disinhibited attachment disorder
This behavior pattern arises during the first 5 years of life.
What is the prevalence of separation anxiety disorder (SAD) in children?
3.5% of children
Epidemiological studies indicate a prevalence of 3 to 5%.
According to DSM 5 criteria, the core symptoms of ADHD must have their onset _______.
Before 12 years of age
The age criterion was updated from before 7 years to before 12 years.
Which statement about transient tic disorder is incorrect?
The tics should last longer than 12 consecutive months
Tics must occur many times a day for at least 4 weeks but for no longer than 12 consecutive months.
What positive symptom is most commonly found in young people with schizophrenia?
Delusions
Delusions occur in more than 90% of individuals with schizophrenia.
Which symptom cannot be explained by both ADHD and bipolar disorder?
Sleeplessness
Decreased need for sleep is more closely associated with bipolar disorder.
What are common types of delusions in schizophrenia?
Delusions of persecution, Delusions of reference, Delusions of grandeur, Delusions of control
Common delusions experienced by individuals with schizophrenia.
Which symptom is not explained by ADHD alone when comorbid with bipolar disorder?
Sleeplessness
Sleeplessness is more closely associated with hypomania/mania of bipolar disorder.
Which group is most delayed in empathy development?
Most delayed in deaf children of hearing parents
Deaf preadolescents have more difficulty with empathy development than hearing children.
What is commonly associated with autistic spectrum disorders?
ADHD
Symptoms consistent with ADHD are present in 50-75% of patients with autistic spectrum disorders.
What is the chance of a 12-year-old boy with conduct disorder developing antisocial personality disorder?
50%
Conduct disorder is often chronic and leads to significant antisocial problems in adulthood.
What diagnosis is likely for a boy skipping school and using drugs?
Conduct disorder
Conduct disorder is characterized by enduring antisocial and aggressive behaviors.
What is the most likely diagnosis for a 2-year-old boy with a limited vocabulary and infrequent communication?
Expressive language disorder
This disorder is characterized by a selective deficit in expressive language development.
Which factor is NOT common among children who attempt suicide?
Absence of cognitive distortions
Cognitive distortions often characterized by hopelessness and helplessness are prevalent in adolescents that attempt suicide.
What is the most common co-morbid psychiatric disorder seen in children with ADHD?
Oppositional defiant disorder
Co-morbid psychiatric illness is common in ADHD children, seen in 50-80% of cases.
Which of the following is NOT a core diagnostic feature of ADHD?
Language dysfunction
The core features include hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention.
Which antidepressant has shown improvement in children with enuresis?
Imipramine
Imipramine has been approved for use in treating childhood enuresis, primarily on a short-term basis.
What is a common reason for parents to seek treatment for Separation Anxiety Disorder?
Excessive somatic complaints
Physical symptoms like nausea and headaches are common during separation from attachment figures.
What is the age of onset for early-onset schizophrenia?
Before 12 years of age
Childhood-onset schizophrenia is characterized by the onset of psychotic symptoms by age 12.
Heller’s syndrome is characterized by normal development until what age?
2 years of age
Childhood disintegrative disorder shows regression after at least 2 years of normal development.
What is the most suitable first-line treatment for a 15-year-old with moderate depression and no suicidality?
CBT alone
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is effective for adolescents with moderate depression.
Which scale is used in epidemiological studies to screen for caseness in school-going children?
Strengths and difficulties questionnaire
The SDQ addresses emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer relationships, and prosocial behavior.
By what age does the onset of autistic spectrum disorder generally occur?
Before the age of 3
The disorder is recognized before age 3, though some cases may not be identified until later.
What is the most effective treatment for Bulimia nervosa in adolescents?
CBT
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy has been found to be the most effective treatment in controlled studies.
Which sleep-related movement disorder is associated with stimulant use?
Bruxism
Bruxism can be associated with cocaine, amphetamines, alcohol, and SSRI use.
What is the common blood picture expected in adolescents with anorexia nervosa?
Normocytic normochromic anaemia
Other findings may include leucopenia and thrombocytopenia.
A report card can be used as a tool in the treatment of which disorder?
ADHD
Report cards can be effective behavioral tools connecting school and home for children with ADHD.
In autistic spectrum disorder, which symptom does not improve over time?
Ritualistic and repetitive behaviours
These behaviours often persist throughout life and do not show significant improvement.
Which is listed in the ICD-10 criteria for a diagnosis of childhood autism?
Reduced sharing of interests with others
This is one of the diagnostic features of autistic disorder.
What percentage of autistic adults remain severely handicapped and live in dependence?
About two-thirds
This statistic highlights the long-term challenges faced by autistic individuals into adulthood.
What are the three categories of symptoms for Autistic Disorder?
- Qualitative impairment in social interaction
- Impairment in communication
- Restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behaviour or interests
The onset of autistic disorder is before the age of 3 years.
Which symptom is rare in early-onset schizophrenia?
Catatonia
Auditory and visual hallucinations are common in children with schizophrenia.
What is the medication of choice for an 8-year-old child with ADHD and tics?
Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor
Atomoxetine is preferred especially when stimulants are abused or when tics are present.
Asperger’s syndrome is characterized by all except?
Impaired intellectual ability and syntactical speech
Individuals with Asperger’s syndrome typically have normal IQ and language development.
What percentage of adolescents up to 19 years of age will have experienced a diagnosable episode of depression in Europe?
20%
This statistic indicates the prevalence of depression in the adolescent population.
What is the most common adverse outcome of conduct disorder seen in adults?
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Approximately 40-50% of children with conduct disorders may develop this condition as adults.
Common presentations of anxiety disorders in preschool children include?
- Tearfulness
- Clinging behaviour
Anxiety symptoms vary with age, with preschool children showing tearfulness and clinging.
Which disorder is among the most common psychiatric presentations seen in adolescents?
Anxiety disorders
Prevalence ranges from 4% to 20% affecting self-esteem and social relationships.
Select the adolescent-onset disorder for which social disadvantage is not an established risk factor?
Anorexia
Anorexia tends to be more common among the upper social class.
In PANDAS, which psychiatric symptom is rare?
Auditory hallucinations
PANDAS is characterized by OCD and/or tic disorder without auditory hallucinations.
Seizures and irregular respiration are commonly associated features seen in?
Rett’s syndrome
Rett syndrome includes symptoms such as irregular respiration and developmental challenges.
Which drug has the most supportive evidence base for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in childhood?
Sertraline
Sertraline has been shown to be effective in treating pediatric OCD.
The onset of oppositional defiant disorder is generally between the ages?
3 and 8 years
This disorder can begin as early as 3 years but is typically recognized by age 8.
The most important organic cause to be excluded for children with encopresis is?
Hirschprung’s disease
It is crucial to rule out organic causes like Hirschsprung’s disease in cases of encopresis.
Known risk factors for child abuse include all except?
High socio-economic class
Child abuse is more strongly correlated with poverty and psychosocial stress.
Melatonin is considered an effective treatment for which condition in children?
Sleep latency
Melatonin decreases the time taken to fall asleep, especially in children with learning difficulties.
According to DSM criteria, ADHD is present in what percentage of children?
3-5%
ADHD affects approximately 10% of the population in the United States.
What proportion of 15 to 16-year-old adolescents admit to incidents of deliberate self-harm in the UK?
6.9%
This figure represents actual incidents, while ideation prevalence is much higher.
Which one of the following is not categorized as a pervasive developmental disorder?
ADHD
Pervasive developmental disorders include autism and Asperger’s syndrome but not ADHD.
Which statement regarding enuresis is true?
Most children remit after age 7
A familial aggregation is noted for enuresis, and most children tend to remit spontaneously.
