Child Health And Individual Development

Question 1

Developmental tasks of infancy

Answer 1

Learning to walk, learning to talk, learning variety of foods and controlling bladder and bowel

Question 2

Eating a variety of foods

Answer 2

Human breastmilk is the ideal food for newborns. In the first week the breast secrets colostrum which is rich in antibodies to help the infant develop their immunity.
Teeth begin to appear after 6-8 months, this is when solid foods are introduced

Question 3

Learning to control bladder and bowel

Answer 3

As muscles and the brain mature the ability to recognise signals and use muscles to control sensations develop

Question 4

Learning to walk

Answer 4

Head control, roll over, sit, crawl, creep, stand, one step, walk.
Bones ossify, muscles strengthen and CNS matures

Question 5

Learning to talk

Answer 5

Genetically inherited ability, first words are learnt through imitation. Babbling sounds become recognisable as words and vocabulary increases due to parent interactions

Question 6

Infancy reflexes

Answer 6

Rooting, sucking, startle, walking, stepping and grasping reflexes

Question 7

Rooting reflex

Answer 7

If the cheek is touched the baby will turn its head in that direction. This allows the baby to find nourishment

Question 8

Sucking reflex

Answer 8

The baby begins to suck in anything that is put in its mouth. This allows the baby to receive food

Question 9

Startle reflex

Answer 9

If the baby loses support of its head and neck it throws its arms out as if to grab onto something

Question 10

Walking reflex

Answer 10

An infant attempts to walk if it’s held above the ground

Question 11

Stepping reflex

Answer 11

If an infant is held with one leg in contact with an object it will automatically lift the other foot

Question 12

Grasping reflex

Answer 12

A baby with grasp anything that’s put in its hand

Question 13

Infancy development

Physical

Answer 13

Weight doubles by 6 months and triples by 12, recognise familiar faces and sounds and have the ability to lift head, roll over, crawl and walk

Question 14

Infancy development

Social

Answer 14

Dependant on parent. Learn to smile and recognise facial expressions, begin to understand and enjoy games and learn how to share and other acceptable behaviours

Question 15

Infancy development

Emotional

Answer 15

Revolves around family. When they’re hurt or distressed they can be comforted by family, emotional attachment makes an infant feel secure, safe and loved. Fear may be shown when confronted with unfamiliar things and frustration is shows through tantrums

Question 16

Infancy development

Intellectual

Answer 16

Collect information from putting things in their mouths, can recognise their name, learn names of their favourite people, places or shows. Begin to learn that an object still exists if it can’t be seen and language development is rapid (150-300 words)

Question 17

Early childhood development

Physical

Answer 17

Height roughly increases by 6cm and weight by 2.5 kg. Limbs and torso become more proportionate to the head, kids begin to lose baby teeth and kicking, throwing and catching skills develop

Question 18

Early childhood development

Social

Answer 18

Begin to attend social events which teaches children acceptable behaviour, they learn how to share at kinder and independence begins to develop

Question 19

Early childhood development

Emotional

Answer 19

Develop a sense of empathy and may care for upset people. Like to show off their achievements and may get jealous if attention is focused elsewhere, begin to develop identity.

Question 20

Early childhood development

Intellectual

Answer 20

Learning new words and language occurs rapidly, begin to question the world around them, attention span lengthens allowing them to follow basic instructions and learn how to write basic letters and how to count up to 10/20

Question 21

Late childhood development

Physical

Answer 21

Size and strength increases and children can engage in more complex physical activity such as basketball. Writing becomes more legible, body proportions continue to change, permanent teeth continue to development

Question 22

Late childhood development

Social

Answer 22

Gain a lot of social connection outside of the family due to attending school. Sharing, communication and conflict resolution are further developed, acquire a sense of right and wrong

Question 23

Late childhood development

Emotional

Answer 23

Children begin to identify how others are feeling, become more skilled in conveying emotions in words, self concept is established.

Question 24

Late childhood development

Intellectual

Answer 24

Most of this takes place at school, problem solving skills develop, and reading, writing and language skills all develop

Question 25

Determinants of health that affect children

Biological

Answer 25

Genetics, birth weight and body weight

Question 26

Determinants of health that affect children

Behavioural

Answer 26

Oral hygiene, breastfeeding, vaccinations, eating habits and level of physical activity

Question 27

Determinants of health that affect children

Physical environment

Answer 27

Tobacco smoking in the home, housing environment, fluoridation of water and access to recreational facilities

Question 28

Determinants of health that affect children

Social

Answer 28

Parental education, parenting practices, media and access to health care

Question 29

Biological

Genetics

Answer 29

A child’s genetic make up determines the rate and timing of physical development as a result of the production of hormones, the gender, development of genetic conditions and predisposition to disease

Question 30

Biological

Birthweight

Answer 30

A key indicator of infant health and has a major influence on a baby’s chance of survival

Question 31

Behavioural

Level of physical activity

Answer 31

It’s important that children are physically active and engaging in at least 1 hour of physical activity a day. If a child isnt physically active it can lead to obesity which can later result in health problems

Question 32

Behavioural

Breastfeeding

Answer 32

The healthiest start for infants because it contains all the nutrients required by the baby. It is recommended that the baby is breastfed for the first 6 months before swapping to formula

Question 33

Physical environment

Tobacco smoking in the home

Answer 33

Passive smoking is dangerous for children because their lungs are still developing. This smoke exposes non smokers to majority of the same toxic chemicals that direct smokers inhale

Question 34

Physical environment

Housing environment

Answer 34

A house should ideally provide she,tear and a clean live which protects children from onside dangers.

Question 35

Social environ,net

Media

Answer 35

Media can have negative and positive effects on children depending on their age, and whether it’s regulated by parents or not

Question 36

Social environment

Parental education

Answer 36

The formal level of education that is achieved by parents and the level of knowledge that may be attained through informal means

Question 37

Principals of development

Answer 37

1. Development occurs in a orderly, predictable way
2. Development is continual
3. There are individual variations on the rate and timing of development
4. Development follows predictable patterns
5. Development proceeds from simple to complex

Question 38

Development occurs in a orderly, predictable way

Answer 38

Development is predictable and experts have a rough idea when each milestone will occur. Roll over, crawl. Stand, walk etc

Question 39

Development is continual

Answer 39

Individuals are always developing from conception until death

Question 40

There are individual variations in the rate and timing of development

Answer 40

You cannot compare kids because they learn at different times and speeds

Question 41

Development follows predictable patterns

Answer 41

Cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns of development are particularly evident during the prenatal, infant and childhood stages.

Question 42

Cephalocaudal development

Answer 42

Refers to growth and development that occurs from head down. First the gain control of head muscles, then should muscles etc

Question 43

Proximodistal development

Answer 43

Occurs from the centre of the body in an outward direction. Eg. In the uterus the spine develops first and toes and fingers develop
Last

Question 44

Development proceeds from simple to complex

Answer 44

Thought processes and motor skills go from simple to complex. Once the simple aspects have been attained they can be built upon to make the skills more complex.

Question 45

Infancy gross motor skills

Answer 45

Lifting head and chest when lying down, sit up alone, crawls on hands and knees, walks without help and can kick a ball

Question 46

Infancy fine motor skills

Answer 46

Reaches for toys, transfer toy from one hand to another, picks up small objects, scribbles with a crayon and turns pages of a book one at a time

Question 47

Early childhood gross motor skills

Answer 47

Walks up and down stairs, hops on one foot without support and learns how to skip

Question 48

Early childhood fine motor skills

Answer 48

Cuts with small scissors, draws complete circles and prints their name