Child Development - Lecture Five

Question 1

Gender identity

Answer 1

The private sense of one’s own gender

Question 2

Cisgender

Answer 2

Gender identity matches assigned sex

Question 3

Transgender

Answer 3

Gender identity differs from assigned sex

Question 4

Gender roles

Answer 4

Cultural expectations about ways in which men and women should think and behave

Question 5

Gender stereotypes

Answer 5

Beliefs about differences in the behaviours, abilities and personality traits of males and females

Question 6

The Development of Gender at 18-months-old

Answer 6

Beginnings of gender-typed preferences e.g. boys playing with trucks and girls playing with dolls

Question 7

The Development of Gender at 3-years-old

Answer 7

Knowledge of own gender
Preference for different toys and friends of own gender
Ability to assign gender to pictures is limited

Question 8

The Development of Gender at 5-years-old

Answer 8

Knowledge of gender constancy

Question 9

Gandelman, Vom Saal, & Reinisch (1977) biological explanation for gender differences

Answer 9

Prenatal exposure to testosterone results in more “male-like” behaviour in females

Question 10

Ward (1972) biological explanation for gender differences

Answer 10

Males deprived of prenatal testosterone behave more like females

Question 11

Physical aggression in males

Answer 11

Appears to be predisposed

Question 12

Gender differences

Answer 12

Appear to be due to different patterns of hormone exposure during development

Question 13

Low testosterone levels

Answer 13

Male

Question 14

High testosterone levels

Answer 14

Females

Question 15

Montemayor (1974) environmental explanation for gender differences

Answer 15

6- and 8-year-old boys and girls played a game one of gender-appropriate, gender-neutral or gender-inappropriate labelled games. Children found the game more enjoyable with gender-appropriate and gender-neutral games and performed best during gender-appropriate games and worst during gender-inappropriate games

Question 16

Morrongiello & Dawber (1999) environmental explanation for gender differences

Answer 16

Examined mothers’ and fathers’ communications to sons and daughters aged between 2 and 4 during free play and when teaching playground safety behaviour. Mothers and fathers did not differ in their communications however sons received more directives, fewer explanations and more physical pressure than girls

Question 17

Smith and Lloyd (1978) environmental explanation for gender differences

Answer 17

Mothers of young infants introduced to a 6-month old infant and asked to play, the gender label of the infant was manipulated which caused participants to behave differently according to the assigned gender label

Question 18

Weisner & Silson-Mitchell (1990) environmental explanation for gender differences

Answer 18

Parents who do not subscribe to gender differences in socialisation have children whose attitudes and behaviour reflect fewer gender stereotypes